Overview

Question 1

Contraindications to ALL modalities (3)

Answer 1

Hemorrhage
Infection with suppuration
Malignancy (EXCEPT TENS)

Question 2

Contraindications to heating

Answer 2

DM, active TB, sensory loss, pregnancy (LB or abdomen), swelling/edema/acute injury

Question 3

Contraindications to electrical

Answer 3

Carotid sinus, anesthesia (EXCEPT HV), pregnancy (EXCEPT TENS), open wounds

Question 4

Acute

Answer 4

Up to 72 hours

Question 5

AC current

Answer 5

Biphasic (no polarity)

Question 6

DC current

Answer 6

Monophasic (polarity)

Question 7

Electrothermal

Answer 7

HEAT: microvibration leads to heat

Question 8

Electrochemical

Answer 8

Iontophoresis DC current

Opioids: endorphins freq 1-10; enkephalins freq 70-120

Question 9

Electrophysical

Answer 9

Kinetic: ions push and shift Na/K pumps resulting in contraction

Question 10

Increase frequency

Answer 10

Get deeper penetration

Question 11

Medium frequency

Answer 11

Decreased skin impedance (Use big electrode and increase voltage)

Question 12

Pad rule

Answer 12

1 mA/ square inch pad

Question 13

Monopolar pad

Answer 13

Large area or trigger/acupuncture point)

large dispersal/ground pad and active pads small

Question 14

Bipolar

Answer 14

Small muscle group

dispersal and active pads are equal size

Question 15

Quadripolar

Answer 15

Criss-cross pattern

Question 16

Chronaxie

Answer 16

The time necessary for contraction when the rheobase is doubled

Question 17

Rheobase

Answer 17

the minimum volts necessary to excite a nerve (threshold)

Question 18

Reaction of degeneration (RD factor)

Answer 18

Innervated and denervated muscle respond differently. galvanic and faradic current are compared to determine extent of damage and prognosis

Question 19

EMG

Answer 19

Elecromyography- best for testing muscles

Question 20

NCV

Answer 20

Nerve conduction velocity- best for testing nerves

Question 21

Arndt-Schultz Principle

Answer 21

Energy of modality has to be absorbed by body to stimulate physiological response

Question 22

Grotthus-Draper law

Answer 22

Inverse relationship between penetration and absorption of energy

Question 23

Hunting-Lewis reaction

Answer 23

Pumping of hot and cold cycles

Question 24

Cryotherapy

Answer 24

1. Vasocontriction
2. Anesthesia
3. Pumping reaction

Question 25

Cryotherapy stages

Answer 25

Cold, burn, ache, numb

Question 26

Convection

Answer 26

Transmission of heat via gases and liquids

Question 27

Convection examples

Answer 27

Hot & cold baths, IR

Question 28

Radiation

Answer 28

Transmission of heat without heating intervening medium

Question 29

Radiation examples

Answer 29

Lamps, MWD, IR, UV

Question 30

Conversion

Answer 30

Electrical energy to mechanical energy (heat)

Question 31

Conversion examples

Answer 31

Ultrasound (reverse piezoelectric)

Question 32

Conduction

Answer 32

Transfer of heat through a substance; often heating up a solid

Question 33

Conduction examples

Answer 33

Ice, hydrocollator, paraffin, IR

Question 34

Cold

Answer 34

55-65

Question 35

Cool

Answer 35

65-80

Question 36

Tepid

Answer 36

80-92

Question 37

Neutral

Answer 37

92-96

Question 38

Warm

Answer 38

*96-99

Question 39

Hot

Answer 39

*99-104

Question 40

Very hot

Answer 40

105-115