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Neuromotor > Overview > Flashcards

Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

A group of neurogenic speech disorders that reflect abnormalities in various parameters of the speech mechanism.

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2
Q

What is apraxia of speech?

A

A neurologic speech disorder that reflects an impaired capacity to plan or program sensorimotor commands for speech.

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3
Q

Motor speech disorders are NOT

A 
cognitive linguistic impairments
sensory deficits
musculoskeletal defects
voice disorders
normal changes in speech
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4
Q

What is the site of lesion for flaccid dysarthria?

A

brainstem motor neurons or nerves to muscles

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5
Q

What is the site of lesion for ataxic dysarthria?

A

Cerebellum, or tracts leading to and from cerebellum

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6
Q

What is the site of lesion for hypokinetic dysarthria?

A

Basal ganglia (specifically substantia nigra)

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7
Q

What is the site of lesion for hyperkinetic dysarthria?

A

basal ganglia

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8
Q

What is the site of lesion for spastic dysarthria?

A

fiber tracts connecting cortex with brainstem motor neurons

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9
Q

What are the cortical production components of speech, from first to last?

A

Plan, program, control/monitor, execute

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10
Q

Corticospinal tracts are responsible for what?

A

connecting cortex to spinal nerves

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11
Q

Corticobulbar tracts are responsible for what?

A

connecting cortex to cranial nerves

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12
Q

Corticoreticular tracts do what?

A

indirect pathways, responsible for reflexes, posture, and tone. subconscious

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13
Q

What are the effects of damage to the FCP?

A

weakness, paralysis (if all LMN damaged), fasciculations, fibrillation

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14
Q

What is a neuromuscular juncture?

A

synapse in the PNS; axon terminals, motor endplates, shwann cell sheathes

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15
Q

What is a motor end plate?

A

specialized post synaptic area in neuromuscular junction of PNS

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16
Q

What is the function of groups of fibers in the CNS?

A

tracts; designed to synapse with other neurons

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17
Q

What is the function of groups of fibers in the PNS?

A

nerves; transmitting primarily to muscle or from sensory end organs

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18
Q

What is a disease of the cell body associated with dysarthria?

A

ALS (CNS and/or PNS)

19
Q

What are two diseases of the axons associated with dysarthria?

A 
MS (CNS)
Guillain Barre (PNS)
20
Q

What is a disease of the synapse between nerve and muscle (PNS) (Neuromuscular junction) associated with dysarthria?

A

Myasthenia gravis

21
Q

Which cortical motor areas are associated with dysarthria?

A

primary motor cortex
premotor area
supplementary motor area

22
Q

Which cortical motor areas are associated with stuttering?

A

right frontal operculum (broca’s)

right insula

23
Q

Which cortical motor areas are associated with apraxia of speech?

A

Broca’s area

left insula

24
Q

What are are the cortical sensory areas we need to know/

A

primary sensory cortex (temperature, pain, pressure)
primary visual cortex
primary auditory cortex

25
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

muscle tone
movement sequencing and scaling (timing and force)
motor learning or repeated adjustments in force and movement sequencing
role in attention and language

26
Q

What are the effects of cerebellar damage (associated with dysarthria)?

A 
hypotonia
intention tremor
dysmetria
decomposition of movement
ataxia
27
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A

integrator of motor information for complex movements
postural support needed for skilled, voluntary movements
regulates amplitude, velocity, initiation of movements

28
Q

What are the effects of damage of the BG?

A 
Hypokinesia (PD)
muscle rigidity
resting tremor
slowness of movement (bradykinesia)
reduced movement amplitude (hypokinesia)
??
29
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

relay all sensory info but smell

relay motor signals from BG and cerebellum

30
Q

What is voluntary motor control?

A

Ability to perform an action on command

depends on control signals originating in motor cortical areas that are sent to PNS

31
Q

What is the pyramidal system?

A

direct pathways – skilled movement, input to alpha motor neurons

32
Q

What is the extrapyramidal system?

A

indirect pathways – support skilled movement, input to gamma motor neurons

33
Q

What are the symptoms of UMN damage?

A

spasticity
weakness or paresis (limited atrophy)
hyper-reflexia

34
Q

What are the symptoms of LMN damage?

A 
hypotonicity
atrophy
hyporeflexia
weakness
muscle fasciculations in acute state
35
Q

What is unusual about CN VII in terms of innervation?

A

upper face receives bilateral UMN/corticobulbar tract input

lower face muscles receive contralateral UMN input

36
Q

What is unusual about the innervation of CN XII?

A

receives primarily contralateral corticobulbar input

37
Q

What are the parts of the pyramidal system?

A

corticobulbar, corticospinal, corticopontine tracts

38
Q

What are the parts of the extrapyramidal system?

A

rubrospinal, reticulospinal, olivospinal, vestibulo spinal tracts

39
Q

What is an AMR? SMR?

A

both part of DDK
AMR: repetition of single syllable
SMR: repetition of syllable sequence

40
Q

is AMR or SMR better in people with AOS?

A

AMR

41
Q

Can we use DDK rate to make inferences about speed or regularity of tongue movement for connected speech?

A

NO

42
Q

What are impairments of respiratory-laryngeal integrity that could be present in dysarthria?

A

decreased respiratory support
decreased respiratory-phonatory coordination/control
reduced phonatory function (hypoadduction, hyperadduction)

43
Q

What are some indications of impairments of respiratory-laryngeal integrity?

A 
tired/fatigued when talking and at rest
run out of breath when talking
have to push words out (effortful talking)
poor loudness control
weak cough
44
Q

What are some ways of evaluating respiratory-laryngeal functions?

A

straw thing
cough
grunt/glottal coup

Neuromotor (3 decks)

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