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Reproductive system > Overview > Flashcards

Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What does the scrotum do

A

It suspends testes outside the body

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2
Q

What is the skin of the testes like

A

The skin is rugose and contains dartos (smooth) muscle. It has a midline raphe and is divided by a septum

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3
Q

What is each testis surrounded by

A

The tunica albuginea and suspended in the scrotum to keep cool (2-3oC below core temperature)

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4
Q

Where do sperm go to from the seminiferous tubules

A

The epididymis

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5
Q

What do the gonads do

A

They produce gametes by spermatogenesis

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6
Q

What occurs in seminiferous tubules

A
  • Leydig cells (site of steroid synthesis)
  • Sertoli cells (nurse cells for sperm)
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7
Q

What are the gonadal hormones

A
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  • Testosterone
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8
Q

What is spermatogenesis

A

It is the development from:
- Spermatogonia
- Primary spermatocytes
- Secondary spermatocytes
- Spermatids
- Spermatozoa

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9
Q

What is spermatogenesis regulated by

A

FSH and testosterone

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10
Q

What is the structure of the sperm head

A
  • Acrosome (contains enzymes to aid penetration of ovum)-
  • Nucleus (contains genetic material)
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11
Q

What is the structure of the midpiece of the sperm

A
  • Contains mitochondria around filamentous core
  • Provides energy for tail
  • ‘Engine room’ of sperm
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12
Q

What is the structure of the tail of the sperm

A

Specialised flagellum that propels sperm forward

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13
Q

Describe the hypothalamic pituitary testicular axis

A
  • Hypothalamus produces GnRH
  • GnRH acts on anterior pituitary gonadotropes
  • Anterior pituitary gonadotropes produce LH and FSH
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14
Q

What does LH act on

A

Leydig cell to produce testosterone

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15
Q

What does FSH act on

A

Sertoli cell to produce inhibin B

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16
Q

What are the physiological effects of testosterone

A

Increases all of below:
- Growth of bone and connective tissue
- Growth of muscle and connective tissue
- Growth and development of testes, prostate, seminal vesicles, and penis
- Growth of facial, axillary, and pubic hair
- Growth of larynx
- Spermatogenesis
- Sebaceous gland size and secretions

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17
Q

What is the structure of the uterus

A
  • Pear-shaped, central pelvic organ for implantation of the fertilised ovum and growth of the foetus
  • Anteflexed between cervix and body
  • Anteverted at entry to vagina
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18
Q

Where is the ovary found

A

On the lateral pelvic wall

19
Q

Where does ovulation occur into

A

The peritoneal cavity where the ovum is picked up

20
Q

What picks up the ovum

A

The fimbriated end of the uterine (Fallopian) tube

21
Q

What do female gonads produce

A

Oocytes (eggs) by oogenesis

22
Q

What occurs in the follicle

A
  • Theca cells
  • Granulosa cells
23
Q

What are the female gonadal hormones involved

A
  • FSH
  • LH
  • Oestrogen and progestins
24
Q
A
25
Q

Where does oogenesis begin

A

In the fetal stage of females. Primordial germ cells (oogonia) increased in number

26
Q

What do oogonia mature into

A

Oocytes

27
Q

What week does oocyte number reach max

A

20 weeks

28
Q

What do ovaries house

A

Germ cells (oocytes)

29
Q

What are endocrine ovaries related to

A

Latter follicles with the involvement of theca and granulosa cells. Work co-operatively to synthesis and secrete oestradiol

30
Q

What are theca cells

A

They are the superificial layer of follicle

31
Q

What receptors do theca cells have

A

LH

32
Q

What do theca cells convert

A

Cholesterol into pregnenolone

33
Q

What do theca cells later produce

A

Androstenedione and testosterone

34
Q

What are granulosa cells

A
  • Deep compared to theca
  • Layer increases in size markedly during 1° to 2° follicle development
35
Q

What receptors do granulosa cells have

A

LH and FSH

36
Q

What do granulosa cells convert

A

Cholesterol into pregnenolone

37
Q

What do granulosa cells activate

A

Aromotase

38
Q

What does LH act on in females

A

Theca cell and granulosa cell

39
Q

What does FSH act on in females

A

Granulosa cell

40
Q

What does the theca cell produce

A

Progestins

41
Q

What does the granulosa cell produce

A

Progestins, estrogens, inhibins

42
Q

What do inhibins produce

A

Activins

43
Q

What are the effects of oestrogens

A
  • Increase:
  • Bone growth via osteoblasts
  • Progesterone responses
  • Clotting factors
  • HDL
  • Vaginal and fallopian tube growth
  • Breast growth
  • Cervical mucus secretion
  • LH receptors on granulosa cells
44
Q

What are the effects of progestins

A
  • Increase lobular development
  • Decrease milk production
  • Decrease endometrial growth
  • Increase endometrial secretions
  • Thicken mucosal secretions
  • Increase internal temp

Reproductive system (3 decks)

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