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intro to cancer > overview > Flashcards

overview Flashcards

1
Q

what is cancer

A
  • uncontrolled growth
  • in most solid tumours between 25-65% of the tumour is made up of non cancer cells - not all changes are mutations
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1
Q

why do we study cancer science

A
  • its a global killer - 9.6 million deaths worldwide
  • 1 in 2 UK adults will develop some form of cancer in their life times
  • 489,700 people will be diagnosed with cancer, and around 162,000 people will die from the disease in the UK each year
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2
Q

cancer definition

A

it is complex and with over 200 types of cancer no rule is true for all but generally:
- cancer cells have escaped the normal limitations of external due driven cell division
- have modified their local environment to exceed the natural defined tissue borders
- forms a multicellular mass driven by a transformed cancer cell
- have mechanisms to survive immune surveillance and cell death

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3
Q

cancer cells have escaped the normal limitations of external due driven cell division

A

in your body cells do not normally grow, they are not in active cell cycle and are controlled by growth factors
- cancer cells have escaped this

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4
Q

stimulants of cell growth - growth factors

A

stimulants of cell growth:
- Growth factors: molecules that bind to specific receptors, triggering a cascade of signals that promote cell growth and division Such as epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factors

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5
Q

stimulants of cell growth - hormones

A
  • hormones: certain hormones, such as oestrogen and testosterone, can stimulate cell growth and division
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6
Q

stimulants of cell growth - ECM

A
  • the ECM is the network of proteins and other molecules that surrounds cells and helps to maintain tissue structure.
  • some ECM components such as collagen and laminin, can regulate cell growth and division by providing mechanical and chemical signals
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7
Q

limiters of cell growth - chemical microenvironment

A

chemical microenvironment is the cellular niche where a cell resides. factors such as oxygen levels, pH, temperature, nutrient availability

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8
Q

situational regulators of cell growth - cytokines

A

these are small proteins that are released primarily by immune cells and act as signalling molecules.
- some cytokine, such as interleukins and interferons, can sometimes promote cell growth and division and other times suppress

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9
Q

how do cancer cells modify their local environment to exceed the natural defined tissue borders

A

Ecm degradation - matrix metalloproteinases
Ecm remodelling: production and secretion of ECM proteins
Ecm crosslinking: modifying the ECM proteins by crosslinking, that makes the ECM stiffer and stronger
ECM receptors - cancer cells can also express receptors on their surface that Bind to specific ECM such as integrins
Angiogenesis: cancer cells can also promote the formation of new blood vessels

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10
Q

AUTOPHAGY

A
  • membrane blebbing
  • autophagic vacuoles
  • increased lysosomal activity
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11
Q

apoptosis

A
  • chromatin condensation
  • nuclear fragmentation
  • apoptotic body
  • membrane blebbing
    -cell shrinkage
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12
Q

anoikis

A

is apoptosis by induced by loss of ECM attachments

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13
Q

non programmed cell death (necrosis)

A
  • mitochondrial swelling
  • cell swelling
  • membrane rupture
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14
Q

mechanisms to survive immune surveillance and death

A
  • Mutations in genes that regulate apoptosis: P53
  • Upregulation of anti apoptotic proteins such as BCL-2 and MCL-1, which inhibit the initiation of apoptosis
  • Down regulation of pro apoptotic proteins such as BAX or BAK
    -Activation of survival signalling pathways
  • altering the balance of death receptors and ligands: such as FAS and TNFR1
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15
Q

where does cancer come from - epithelial cells

A

these cells line the surface of internal organs and glands, forming a barriers.
epithelial cells can give rise to a wide variety of carcinomas, including lung, breast and colon

16
Q

where does cancer come from - mesenchymal cells

A
  • these cells form the connective tissue multiple cell types, including bone cells, muscle cells, and fat cells.
  • give rise to sarcomas, such as osteosarcoma
17
Q

where does cancer come from - hematopoietic cells

A
  • these cells give rise to blood cells
  • they are found in the bone marrow
  • can give rise to leukemias
18
Q

where does cancer come from - lymphoid cells

A
  • these cells are a type of white blood cell that are important for the immune system
  • can give rise to lymphomas
19
Q

where does cancer come from - germ cells

A
  • these cells are responsible for producing eggs and sperm.
  • can give rise to germ cell tumours, such as testicular seminoma and ovarian teratoma
20
Q

where does cancer come from - gilomas

A
  • arise from the glial cells, which are supportive cells of the brain
  • gliomas are most common type of brain tumour
21
Q

where does cancer come from - meningiomas

A
  • these tumours arise from the meninges
  • usually benign
22
Q

where does cancer come from - pituitary tumours

A
  • arise from the pituitary gland
  • can be benign or malignant and can affect hormone production
23
Q

where does cancer come from - neuroblastoma

A

these tumours arise from the nerve cells in the brain or spinal cord.

24
Q

where does cancer come from - shwannomas

A
  • arise from the Schwann cells, which are the supportive cells that surround nerve fibres
25
Q

histological subtyping

A

microscopic appearance of the cancer cells and the structure of the tumour

26
Q

molecular sub typing

A

this method looks at the genetic and molecular characteristics of the cancer cells.

27
Q

immunohistochemical sub typing

A

this method looks at the proteins expressed in cancer cells EGFR/ ER/ PR

28
Q

imaging and subtype

A

this method looks at the imaging features of the tumour, such as size, location and shape, and how it appreas on X-ray, CT scan, MRI or PET scans

29
Q

TNM system
T (tumour) - how far the tumour has grown through the bowel wall

A

T1- tumour is in inner layer of bowel
T2 - tumour has grown into the muscle layer of the bowel wall
T3 - tumour has grown into outer lining of the bowel wall
T4 - has grown through the outer lining of the bowel wall

30
Q

TNM system
N (nodes) - whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes

A

N0 - no lymph nodes contain cancer cells
N1 - cancer cells in up to 3 nearby lymph nodes
N2 - cancer cells in 4 or more nearby lymph nodes

31
Q

TNM system
M (metastases) - whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body

A

M0 - hasnt spread
M1 - Has spread

32
Q

cancer hallmarks

A
  • self sufficiency in growth signals
  • evading apoptosis
  • insensitivity to anti growth signals
  • tissue invasion and metastasis
  • sustained angiogenesis
  • limitless replicate potential

intro to cancer (19 decks)

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