overview

Question 1

Vowel duration and voicing

Answer 1

Research shows that vowel duration influences a listener’s perception of voicing. Vowels that precede unreleased voiced stop consonants are as much as 1.5 times as long as vowels that precede voiceless stops

Question 2

rationale for using standardized, norm-referenced instruments to assess speech-language functioning

Answer 2

The use of standardized normative instruments enables a clinician to compare a client’s language and speech function with the average normal function for a person in the client’s age range.

Question 3

when to refer for psychological counseling

Answer 3

Psychological counseling is most appropriate for a client who appears interested in improving speech but has not remained motivated long enough to complete the several treatment programs started. The client also does not exhibit maintenance of benefits from prior treatment. Thus, psychological counseling should precede any further remedial efforts.

Question 4

what is manual depression of the larynx

Answer 4

Manual depression of the larynx will serve to lengthen the vocal folds, allowing them to vibrate at a lower frequency.

Question 5

whispered speech

Answer 5

Whispered speech is composed largely of aperiodic sounds, as the vocal folds do not vibrate while whispering is taking place.

Question 6

perturbation

Answer 6

Perturbation is a disturbance in the quality of the laryngeal tone, or fundamental frequency, of the voice.

Question 7

what type of perturbation can be measured to determine the amount of noise in the voice?

Answer 7

F0 cycle-to-cycle variations in sound energy over time

Question 8

dysarthria vs apraxia

Answer 8

Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder characterized by slowness, weakness, incoordination, or altered tone of the speech production mechanism. The definition of apraxia includes the absence of any deficits in strength, tone, or coordination and rather is characterized by deficits in motor planning and/or programming of speech.

Question 9

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 9

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve courses under the aortic arch in its course back to innervate the left larynx and the inferior pharynx. The nerve can be damaged in cardiothoracic operations including aortic arch or valve repairs. Only the left (and not the right) recurrent laryngeal nerve has this course

Question 10

limitations in research studies

Answer 10

The use of a single-group pretest-posttest design is a limitation because there is inadequate control of internal and external validity without a control group.

The absence of a control group is a limitation because control groups are a way of introducing control and can better isolate the effect of the treatment.

Furthermore, since it is a longitudinal study, improvement based on language development cannot be ruled out.

Question 11

muscle produces the opposing action to those that produce velopharyngeal closure?

Answer 11

Velopharyngeal closure is largely produced by soft palate elevation, and the only muscle in the list that produces soft palate depression (the opposite of soft palate elevation) is the palatoglossus.

Question 12

An otolaryngologist has referred a 45-year-old man for voice treatment following medialization thyroplasty for a paralyzed vocal fold. Which of the following is the most appropriate therapeutic strategy for the SLP to use?

Answer 12

Medialization thyroplasty moves the paralyzed vocal fold closer to the mid-glottis to allow better compensation by the unaffected fold. Only the production of a hard glottal attack addresses the compensatory behavior.

Question 13

true/false

Children with language disorders tend to ask fewer open-ended questions than do children who are developing normally.

Answer 13

true

Question 14

t/f
Research regarding the use of intensive phonemic-awareness treatment for children who have difficulty learning to read has demonstrated that the treatment might have no direct relationship to improvement in reading abilities

Answer 14

true
Intensive phonemic-awareness treatment programs are thought to improve reading by training children to better differentiate and process speech sounds. However, to date, research has not successfully separated the effects of intensive intervention, so no direct relationship has yet been proved.

Question 15

t/f
Development of phonation through coughing or throat clearing is an effective technique in the treatment of aphonia

Answer 15

true

Question 16

A child with discourse problems is most likely to need remediation directed at cohesive devices

Answer 16

Cohesive devices, such as prenominal references, coordinating conjunctions, and conjunctive adverbs, are used to link clausal and sentential elements to form a coherent and unified message.

Question 17

t/f

In terms of communication impairment, an adult with Alzheimer’s-type dementia tends to differ from an adult with aphasia associated with a CVA in that the capacity of the adult with aphasia to make appropriate comments about recent events is generally better

Answer 17

true

Adults with dementia typically have impaired short-term memory abilities. Adults with aphasia are more likely to recall recent events and consequently would be more likely to make appropriate comments about recent events when compared to those with dementia.

Question 18

differential diagnosis between childhood apraxia of speech and flaccid dysarthria in a child

Answer 18

A history of the child’s development of chewing, eating, and swallowing

A child with childhood apraxia of speech does not have difficulties with chewing, eating, and swallowing, whereas a child with flaccid dysarthria is likely to have such difficulties.

Question 19

Control over the fundamental frequency of the laryngeal tone is most closely related to the activity of which muscles?

Answer 19

The cricothyroid muscle has the greatest control over the fundamental frequency of the laryngeal tone by lengthening or tensing the vocal folds.

Question 20

semantic-syntactic constructions

Answer 20

Denial is shown through the utterance of “no kitty,”

possessor + possession is shown through the utterance of “my doggie,”

attribute + entity is shown through the utterance of “big kitty,”

agent + action is shown though the utterance of “doggie ball.”

Question 21

Treatment for apraxia of speech most appropriately emphasizes

Answer 21

Treatment for apraxia of speech appropriately emphasizes auditory-visual stimulation, oral-motor repetition, and phonetic placement.

Question 22

ABAB or ABA design

Answer 22

An ABAB or ABA design shows changes when intervention is applied. Single-subject design using ABAB or ABA design is the best method to determine whether intervention has succeeded

Question 23

Individuals diagnosed as having hemifacial microsomia are also most likely to have ear malformation

Answer 23

true

Ear malformation is the only symptom of those listed that is typical of hemifacial microsomia, a genetic diagnosis within the oculo-auricular-vertebral (OAV) spectrum.

Question 24

The sensorimotor integration of the muscles of the lower face depends on which two of the cranial nerves

Answer 24

The trigeminal nerve has a motor component which is involved in mastication (and thus the lower face) and a sensory component, which provides sensory information from the entire face (including the lower face). The facial nerve provides motor innervation to several muscles that are found in the lower face, including the orbicularis oris and the buccinator.

Question 25

Which of the following is the ratio of reinforcement that will most quickly cause a newly acquired behavior to be habituated?

Answer 25

A random ratio of tokens to correct responses

When the goal is to reinforce a behavior that has already been acquired, a random ratio of tokens to correct responses creates an intermittent reinforcement schedule and is the most effective. Such a reinforcement schedule decreases the client’s dependence on the token reward.

Question 26

t/f

Linguistic performance typically lags behind linguistic competence.

Answer 26

true

Question 27

Laborious, halting, telegraphic utterances are typical of clients with which of the following types of aphasia?

Answer 27

Transcortical motor aphasia is characterized by dysfluent, telegraphic utterances, and none of the distractors are characterized by this pattern of production.

Question 28

The head lift exercise published by Shaker et al. (2002) was designed to produce which of the following changes in swallow biomechanics?

Answer 28

The results of Shaker et al. (2002) demonstrated a significant (p<.01p left angle bracket period zero one) increase in the opening duration of the UES.

Question 29

Skinner
Vygotsky
Chomsky
Piaget

Answer 29

Discriminative stimulus is associated with Skinner. behavioral theory

Zone of proximal development is associated with Vygotsky. interactionism theory

Language generatively is associated with Chomsky. nativist theory

Object permanence is associated with Piaget. cognitive theory

Question 30

Which of the following structures is a relay center for sensory information?

Answer 30

thalamus

Question 31

Place the following aspects of phonological awareness in developmental order starting with the earliest skill to emerge.

A. Listing words that start with the same sound
B. Recognizing words that rhyme
C. Counting syllables in single words
D. Creating words by blending onset and rime

Answer 31

Recognizing words that rhyme is first because this occurs between 30 and 36 months of age. Counting syllables in single words is next because this occurs by 4 years of age. Blending words into rime is third because this occurs near 5 years of age. Listing words that start with the same sound is last because this occurs between 6 and 7 years of age. Any other order is incorrect because phonological awareness builds on itself and it is necessary to master each area prior to moving on to the next.

Question 33

SOVT

Answer 33

Semi-Occluded Vocal Tract (SOVT) exercises partially close the vocal tract to create back pressure that helps the vocal folds vibrate more efficiently. Some examples of SOVT exercises:

Lip trills.
Tongue trills (rolled Rs)
Blowing raspberries (tongue between lips) while humming.
Voiced fricatives (consonant group including V and Z)
Nasal consonants (including M N and NG)
Singing with a hand over the mouth.
Puffy cheeks.