Overview Flashcards
- which are large, blunt and irregular processes found only on the femur.
- They serve as attachment sites of large, powerful muscles that move the thigh
trochanters
are rounded, rough projections such as the deltoid tuberosity seen on the humerus
Tuberosities
are smaller rounded projections such as the adductor tubercle shown on the distal end of the femur.
Tubercles
is a prominent narrow ridge of bone as exemplified by the iliac crest which is the structure we rest our hands on when we put them on our hips.
crest
a small, narrow ridge of bone, and a spine is a sharp, slender often pointed projection.
line
The ___ of a ____ is an expansion carried on a narrow neck;
the head of the bone
is a smooth, nearly flat articular surface
facet
a rounded protuberance at the end of a bone (articular projection).
condyle
is an armlike bar of bone that runs in a different direction from the main body of the bone. Examples are found on the mandible and the pubic bones.
ramus
is a canal-like passageway such as the external auditory ___
meatus
is a cavity within a bone filled with air and line with mucous membrane.
sinus
is a slit-like opening, and a foramen is a round or oval opening through a bone.
fissure
a shallow depression in which a structure like an organ or muscle may sit is called a __
fossa
- is dense and looks smooth;
- it is found on the outer part of all bones.
compact bone
- composed of small, needle-like pieces of bone (referred to as spicules) or thin, flat plates of bone called lamellae.
- also has space between the spicules.
spongy bone
- are longer than they are wide.
- They can range greatly in length.
- have three major parts, the diaphysis, epiphysis and metaphysis.
- For example, the femur is a __ ___ and has the distinction of being the largest bone in the body; but the phalanges of the fingers and toes are also __ ___.
long bones
- roughly cube-shaped meaning that their width and length are somewhat equal.
- They are made up mainly of spongy bone except on the surface.
- Examples include the eight carpal bones that make up the wrist.
short bones
- are thin and consist of two parallel plates of compact bone with spongy bone sandwiched in the middle.
- The main functions include protection.
- They also provide a large surface for attachment of muscles.
- Examples include the cranial bones, sternum and scapula.
flat bones
- have complex shapes and can’t be easily classified.
- They possess varying amounts of compact and spongy bone.
- Examples include the vertebrae and facial bones.
irregular bones
- makes up most of the bone’s length; it is covered and protected by periosteum (dense irregular CT).
- In addition, the diaphysis is made up mostly of compact bone surrounding a central marrow cavity.
- The contents of the cavity is referred to as yellow marrow because it is filled with adipose tissue which, in the fresh state, appears yellowish.
diaphysis
- are found making up both ends of the long bone.
- The part of the __ that is found in a joint is covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called the articular cartilage.
- The spongy bone in the ___ contains red marrow and is the site of blood cell formation or hemopoiesis in adults.
epiphyses
connects the epiphysis to the diaphysis.
The metaphysis
- This is an anterior view of the humerus. The proximal half of the long bone was cut away longitudinally. Notice that there is a thin line of bony tissue in the epiphysis. This structure is called the ____
- It is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate, a flat piece of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bones. In addition, a small pie-shaped piece was removed from the proximal epiphysis and is magnified in figure b to show the structure of compact and spongy bone. The picture in the lower right is through the diaphysis. It shows mainly compact bone, yellow marrow, and the periosteum which brings blood vessels to the bone.
epiphyseal line
Some bones are not classified by shape, but instead are classified based on their location. For example, ___ or ____ ___ are found within the sutures of some cranial bones. There is a lot of individual variation in these bones. Some people don’t have any and others can have 1, 2 , 3 or more. There is no clinical significance to the number or presence or absence of sutural bones. Instead, it is related to how these bones develop.
sutural or Wormian bones