overview

Question 1

What is Public Health

Answer 1

Public Health takes a proactive and preventive approach to focus on the health of entire populations while they are still healthy, rather than individual patients after they have become ill.

Just as a doctor treats individual patients, public health “treats” entire communities. Public health works to keep entire populations healthy, and when it fails entire populations suffer.

Question 2

World Health Organization (WHO): Health

Answer 2

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease infirmity
Is a fundamental human right

The attaintment of the highest possible level of health is a goal whose realization requires the action of many other social and economic sectors in addition to the health sector.

Question 3

What is a community Health

Answer 3

Community health is a multi-sector and disciplinary multi-collaborative enterprise that uses public
health science evidence-based strategies, and other approaches to engage and work with

communities culturally respectful & collaborative manner, optimise the health and reduce inequities in for all persons who live, work, or are otherwise active in a
defined community or communities.

Question 4

what are the different types of stress

Answer 4

-positive stress: A personal challenge that has a satisfying outcome (healthy, self-esteem and impulse control)

-tolerable stress: adverse lif events that are buffered by supportive relationships (coping)

-toxic stress: adverse events that are not buffered (examples poor coping mechanisms and comprised recovery & increased risk for physical diseases and mental diseases.

Question 5

Toxic stress is related to

Answer 5

-Weakens the immune system
-Has poor glucose regulation
-Produces extra cortisol & adrenaline
-Toxic stress can deteriorate the hippocampus.
-hippocampus is associated with memory
-excess cortisol overwhelms the hippocampus and actually causes atrophy

Question 6

Effects of toxic stress

Answer 6

High-effort coping which means risky behaviors
-Constant release of cortisol and adrenaline
-constant feeling of hunger due to poor glucose regulation
-stress can cause ulcers by disrupting the body ability to heal itself
-cause increased blood pleasure and the expansion of the arterial wall
-causing arterial plaques

Question 7

Toxic stress can also cause …

Answer 7

-overweight, hypertension, CVS, stroke, diabetes, asthma, telomere
damage, gene expression & other
immune system disease

Question 8

linked obesity and toxic stress

Answer 8

The stress hormone cortisol makes us feel hungry. Obesity itself can be a stressful state due to the high prevalence of weight stigma.

Distribution of fat in one’s body such as having more fat on the belly is a side effect of toxic stress.

Question 9

Amygdala

Answer 9

-controls the emotion of fear and anxiety

-turns on cortisol and autonomic response

Question 10

the future of healing: shifting from trauma-informed care to healing-centered engagement

Answer 10

-Trauma informed care broadly refers to a set of principles that guide and direct how we view the impact of severe harm on young people’s mental, physical, and emotional health.

-Trauma informed care encourages support and treatment to the whole person, rather than focusing on only treating individual symptoms or specific behaviors.

Question 11

What is Shawn Ginwright article about

Answer 11

-in trauma-informed therapy we treat people but provides small in sight on how to address the root causes of trauma in neighborhoods, families and schools

-Ginwright argues that “trauma-informed care” only focused on an personal harm, injury and trauma about not his overall experience

-argues against trauma as being individual experience, rather than a collective one if we take this approach we do not treat the toxic systems in place, policies and practices we must consider the environmental context

-treat the problem collectively rather than individually

-trauma informed approaches sometimes slip into rigid medical models of care that are steeped in treating the symptoms, rather than strengthening the roots of well-being.

Question 12

healing-centered

Answer 12

-is the opposite of trauma approach

• The healing-centered approach views trauma not simply as an individual isolated experience, but rather highlights the ways in which trauma and healing are experienced collectively

-

Question 13

healing centered engagement (HCE)

Answer 13

A healing centered approach to addressing trauma requires a different question that moves beyond “what happened to you” to “what’s right with you” and views those exposed to trauma as agents in the creation of their own well-being rather than victims of traumatic events.

The healing centered approach comes from the idea that people are not harmed in a vacuum, and well-being comes from participating in transforming the root causes of the harm within institutions.

Healing centered engagement also advances the move to “strengths-based’ care and away from the deficit based mental health models that drives therapeutic interventions

Question 14

Restorative/Therapeutic Planning Principles:

Trauma informed community development

Answer 14

1. De-escalate stress by building social connections & cohesion that
   can support healing.
2. Acknowledge existing/historical traumas (create safe spaces for
   discussion & healing as defined by local people).
3. Always obtain informed consent & offer participants the choice to
   participate/opt out
4. Avoid triggering past traumas; accept where people are at;
   leadership building/clear roles
5. Build trust through shared experiences
6. Adapt & adjust the process & content as community defines their own healing needs (physical & social progress needed)

Question 15

What are PCEs (Community Experiences

Answer 15

Reducing community stressors has good health impacts

Such as
-high-quality birth outcomes
-high-quality self-rated health
-improved decision-making making healing from trauma
-decreased health inequities
-longer life expectancy for all
-reduced rates of mental illness
& chronic diseases

theses are the good health impacts

Question 16

Whar are the community stressors

Answer 16

-secure & affordable housing

-safe & accesblie public trasnport

-culturally appropriate, affordable, and accessible food outlets

-participation in defining social & community services

-clean air, water & soil
-particapation in cultural, traditions, practices rituals, including oral histories and story-selling

-youth-elderly community centers & activities inter-generational relationships

-welcoming & sanctuary city anti-racist & inclusive institutions

-employment training , local minority, & women hiring/contracting livable wages

Question 17

What are ACES (Adverse Childhood Experiences

Answer 17

-Children exposed to trauma and adversity are at higher risk for poor health outcomes across their lifespan

-This risk includes chronic disease, shortened life expectancy, hard time to reach economic stability at adulthood

Question 18

What causes ACES

Answer 18

The causes of ACES can vary such as physical, emotional, and sexual abuse,
-neglect like physical and emotional

-also household dysfunction such as mental illness, incarcerated relatives, abuse by mothers, substance abuse and divorce occurring in the household

Question 19

list all the adverse childhood experiences

Answer 19

-Maternal Depression
-Emotional & Sexual Abuse
-Substance abuse
-physical & emotional neglect
-divorce
-mental illness
-incarceration
-homeless
-domestic abuse

Question 20

What are the Adverse community environmental factors that contribute to ACES

Answer 20

-Poverty
-discrimination
-community disruption
-lack of opportunity, economic mobility, social capital
-violence
-poor housing quality affordability

Question 21

Adverse Community Environment- stressor and their health impacts

Answer 21

-the threat of housing displacement (mental illness, substance abuse, cognitive issues)

-lack of mobility (heart disease & high blood pressure)

-food insecurity (heart disease & high blood pressure)

-social exclusion & segregation (gastrointestinal problems)

-threats & fear of violence (reproductive health)

-environmental pollution & toxic exposures ( asthma & respiratory illness)

-poor quality education (kidney disease)

-inadequate or unaffordable basic services ( cancer, autoimmune, disease, obesity)

-discrimination

-poverty and job insecurity (arthritis)

Question 22

What’s a life course perspective

Answer 22

-Instead of focusing on one narrow stage of development the life course perspective focuses on an individual’s whole life from neuro, through childhood, through adulthood, and old age

• experiences that influence health
  from preconception through pregnancy, infancy, childhood,
  adolescence, young adulthood & midlife that affect chronic
  disease risk and health outcomes in later stages of life

Question 23

What is the difference from a life course perspective

Answer 23

-Different from traditional public health/medicine, which
tends to treat people as healthy until disease occurs.

-Can we PREVENT experiences early in life that
influence disease manifestation later

-Focuses on the experiences that cause the manifestation of the diseases instead of treating after the disease occurs

-Today’s experiences & exposures determine tomorrow’s health

-Life course: Adverse or health-damaging exposures happen
in social & physical places/spaces

-Life course: exposures are determined by policies, rules,
laws & other decisions (not magic or random)

-Life course: promote positive exposures NOW to reverse
adverse experiences earlier in life.

Question 24

Which of the following are considered adverse childhood experiences that can contribute to toxic stress?

Answer 24

Maternal depression

Emotional Neglect

Mental illness in the household

Question 25

HEALING CENTERED:

What are the 4 key elements of HCE

Answer 25

1. Political not clinical – communities involved, not just individuals. Social and
   political actions – sense of purpose, power and control; all ingredients for well-being & healing.
2. Culturally grounded – shared culture & identities give us meaning, self- perception, belonging & purpose; shared rituals; spiritual. Healing circles.
3. Asset/Strengths-based - Those exposed to trauma as active participants, not victims, in their own healing. Value existing skills, experience, knowledge &
   curiosity. Lift these up! What do we want, not just where we’ve been.
   Salutogenic–what contributes to healing & well-being?
4. On-going Process - With Adults/Community – ‘wounded healers’ – those who have experienced trauma, can be healers while also working on themselves. Former addicts, best drug counselors.

Question 26

What are key aspects of the Life Course Perspective

Answer 26

Argues that health can be impacted by social and physical spaces and places

It treats individuals different from the traditional public health and medical approaches

Promotes positive exposures to reverse past adverse experiences

The experiences and exposures experienced today will determine tomorrow’s health

Question 27

Chronic stress, in macaque monkeys, increased blood pressure, damaging artery walls, and the resulting inflammation likely contributed to arterial plaque and can contribute to heart disease?

Answer 27

TRUE

Question 28

Dr. Jeff Riterman in Richmond, California, claims that your neighborhood conditions can force people be on-guard and hyper-vigilant, which can result in stress, and all this can shorten one’s life expectancy

Answer 28

TRUE

Question 29

HCE is a salutogenic approach that acknowledges people are much more than the worst thing that happened to them, and builds upon their experiences, knowledge, skills and curiosity as positive traits to be enhanced (asset based).

Answer 29

TRUE

Question 30

What are the 6 principles of restorative or therapeutic planning with traumatized communities?

Answer 30

-Build trust through shared experiences

-Acknowledge existing/historical traumas

-Adapt & adjust the process & content as community defines its own healing needs.

-Always obtain informed consent & give participants the choice to participate

-Aim to de-escalate stress by building social connections that can support healing

Question 31

The Social Determinants of Health

Answer 31

The social determinants of health (SDoH) are mostly responsible
for health inequities - the unfair and avoidable differences in
health status seen within and between countries.”

-the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age

-Your social position in any given society is the fundamental
determinant of if you will get sick, suffer unnecessarily & die
early.

-Social position = typically a combination & intersections among income, educational attainment, gender, (ethnicity, religion, tribe & caste) & occupational status (dominant but not only factors).

Question 32

Group’s social position can shape your:

(social determinants of health )

Answer 32

1). Living conditions – where you live & the physical
environments (i.e., residential and work), including pollution,
safety, distance to services (i.e., food access).

2). Institutional Decisions – whether or not society’s rules & laws serve your group – adequate schooling, economic
opportunities, corporate hiring, policing, immigration agencies,
& public participation in decisions (democracy).

3). Power-the social determinants are shape by who has the
power to shape access to wealth & opportunities? (i.e., is wealth
concentrated in hands of a few billionaires, who use that to influence government decisions?)

Question 33

(SDOH)

Answer 33

In simple terms (SDOH) what are the social determinants of the non-medical factors that influence health outcomes

-they are conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live and age and the wider set of force and system shaping the conditions of daily life.

-these forces and systems include economic policies and systems, development, agendas, social norms, social policies, racism, climate change and political systems

-this includes social and structural conditions
(policy & law, data & surveillance, infrastructure & capicty, community engagement, partnerships & collaboration, evaluation and evidence, building, data surveillance)

Question 34

What are the differeces of the biomedical and ecologic model

Answer 34

-In a biomedical model: the primary reason people get sick is due to molecular-level pathogens brought about by individual behavior, heredity biology or genetics

-compared to the ecologic model - the primary reason for sickness is the living & working conditions, distribution of wealth, and social status in society; all these combine to produce exposures, like stress & environmental pollution, that lead to illness & premature death

Interventions for the medical model: See you Dr. often;
change personal ‘risk factors’
(e.g., smoking, diet & exercise);
be educated about risks & case
management when sick.

interventions for the ecological model: Change policy, law &
institutions to improve living/working opportunities & conditions, eliminate
discrimination, others

Question 35

Ecologic Model/Framework for Community Health Equity

Answer 35

UPSTREAM: Social Inequities (like class race/ethnicity, immigration status, gender, sexual orientation )

UPSTREAM: Institutional Inequities: the corporation business, government agencies schools, law & regulations, not-for-profit organizations

UPSTREAM:

Living conditions:

1. physical environment (land use, transportation, housing, residential segregation, exposure to toxins)
2. Social environment: experience of class racism, gender, immigration, culture-ads-media-violence
3. Economic & Work Environment
   employment, income, retail business, occupational hazards
4. service environment: health care, education, social services

The ecological model is the new emerging public health practice that is focuses on policy

-is the community capacity building, community organizing and civic engagement

Question 36

BIOMEDICAL MODEL

Answer 36

DOWNSTREAM :
Risk behaviors ( such as smoking, poor nutrition, low physical activity, violence, alcohol others drug, sexual behavior)

-disease & injury (communicable disease, chronic disease, injury intentional & unintentional )

-mortality (infant mortality, life expectancy)

The biomedical model si the current public health practice which focuses on individual health education, and health care

Question 37

The Ecologic Model is influenced by which of the following?

Answer 37

• Social & Cultural Values
• Community Organizing

Question 38

What are examples of living conditions

Answer 38

Land Use
Social Services
Experiences of Racism

Question 39

what are the the racisms ?

Answer 39

Structural racism is defined as racial bias across institutions It is a product of the cumulative and compounded effects of factors that systematically privilege White people and disadvantage people of color.

Question 40

The biomedical model is primary focused on living conditions, institutional inequities & social issues.

Answer 40

FALSE

Question 41

What are the forms of racism

Answer 41

-Internalized (belief within individuals ex. stereotype threat )

-interpersonal (bigotry between individuals racial anxiety )

-institutional (bias within an agency, school)

-structural (cumulative among institutions, durable, multigenerational)

Question 42

Structural Racism

Answer 42

• Structural Racism in the U.S. is the normalization and legitimization of
  an array of dynamics –historical,
  cultural, institutional and
  interpersonal –that routinely
  advantage whites while producing
  cumulative & chronic adverse
  outcomes for people of color.

-It is a System of hierarchy and inequity, Primarily characterized by white supremacy –the preferential treatment, privilege and power for white people at the expense of people of color

mutually reinforcing
systems of housing, education,
employment, credit, media, health
care, criminal justice, other

Question 43

The iceberg of discrimination

Answer 43

OVERT
hate crimes; poor treatment
which is easy observable \

Under the water line is discrimination that difficult to observe

CONVERT/ SYMBOLIC
implicit attitudes (such as behaviors think British racism, subtle )

Structural
Segregation, racial ideology, institutional l policies
ex. redlining

Question 44

According to Gee and Ro in their article, “Racial discrimination and Health Among Asian Americans,” what aspect of the ‘ice-berg’ act as the fundamental cause of health and health disparities?

Answer 44

Institutionalized discrimination

Question 45

Which of the following is an assumption of the ‘model minority’ myth that acts as a form of discrimination against Asians/Asian Americans?

Answer 45

-Portrays Asians/Asian Americans as having overcome the barriers of minority status in the US.

-Incorrectly generalizes about all Asians/Asian-Americans as having the same experiences and/or opportunities and ignores the heterogeneity among AAPI populations.

• Ignores the socioeconomic difficulties faced by many Asians/Asian Americans.

-Assumes all Asians/Asian-Americans are healthy, one result being that medical and public health research frequently fails to include AAPI subgroups and/or measure things like mental health.

Question 46

main points from Gee’s article

Answer 46

-Hate crimes and other overt acts of racial bias sit at the tip of the
iceberg. In 2006, the Federal Bureau of Investigation recorded 239 anti-Asian hate crimes,
representing about 4.8% of all race-related hate crimes (15).

-These overt actions, however,
are far less prevalent than more subtle, symbolic, and mundane types of discrimination, such
as being treated with less respect. Although less dramatic, these mundane actions may be as
damaging as more overt ones.

-The base of the iceberg, however, is often more hazardous than the tip. What lies below the
surface determines the direction and velocity of the iceberg and, when unrecognized, can
cause catastrophes.

• The bottom of the iceberg represents institutionalized discrimination, which may be considered a fundamental cause of health and health disparities.

-Addressing the tip of the iceberg through protective legislation and cultural competency efforts is
important

-chronic exposure to stress may lead to the dysregulation of the body’s homeostasis and the accumulation of allostatic load, the “wear and tear” of body systems
due to stress.

-Direct pathways include mortality and morbidity from hate crimes. Indirect pathways include
mediation through socioeconomic position, neighborhoods, or social evaluation. For instance, discrimination may diminish educational achievement or the accumulation of wealth.

Question 47

health Disparities

Answer 47

differences in health status between population groups, such as disease rates

• Two examples of a disparity - differences between groups that likely AREN’T the result of unfair social, economic, and/or environmental policies and practices that create barriers to opportunity - could be:

a) worse health among the elderly compared with young adults;

b) a higher rate of arm injuries among professional tennis players than in the general population.

Question 48

health Inequities

Answer 48

Disparities in health status & mortality rates THAT ARE a result of systemic, avoidable and unfair social and economic policies & practices that create barriers to
opportunity. (i.e., is it acceptable to you? Value judgment)

Question 49

Health Equity

Answer 49

actions to eliminate inequities in health, both determinants & outcomes, to ensure all groups &
places have the opportunities & resources to attain the
highest possible level of health

Question 50

WHAT is the difference between health disparities and health inequities

Answer 50

-fundamentally, health disparities are differences in health status that ARE NOT related to socioeconomic and racial discrimination

-While Health Inequity IS THE result of verbal and social, economic problems that foster barriers

Question 51

U.S. maternal mortality ratio

Answer 51

because of the inequality, black has the highest maternal mortality rate during pregnancy & up to 12 months after birth,

Question 52

Unnatural cause l cause documentary ( stress, health and race)

Answer 52

-According to Unnatural Causes, a lack of health care is the primary cause of illness and disease.

-According to one of the experiments described in Unnatural Causes, when exposed to a cold virus, those who were already under more stress were more likely to get sick because of a weaker immune system

-The film Unnatural Causes references Sir Michael Marmot’s Whitehall study, which found that health is directly correlated with social class across multiple variables (e.g., as one’s social class worsens, so does one’s health). This is known as the ‘health gradient’.

-When ‘stress response’ is chronic, as described by Dr. McEwen and others in Unnatural Causes, it can influence our health by…

-promoting an unregulated release of cortisol that can impair immune function.

-disrupting glucose & insulin regulation, increasing the risk of diabetes.

-accelerating cellular aging.

-prolonging the activation of stress hormones, which can inhibit memory.

Question 53

who is Edwin Chadwick

Answer 53

• he was the chief commissioner of the commission on the Poor Law System in England

-questioned why the poor remain poor and unhealthy, wanted to reduce the cost of caring of the poor and eliminate child labor

Question 54

John Snow,

Answer 54

-english doctor who questioned the theories of disease distribution of diseases like miasma

-oroginally people believed that cholera was an air-borne disease but in 1849 he hypothesized that it was transmitted in London by dirty water

Question 55

American Sanitary Reform

Answer 55

New building codes
* NYC Tenement House Law of
1867- Ventilation, sewerage
connections, fire escapes, &
indoor toilets
* New drinking water & sewer
systems infrastructure
* New government institutions
to manage street cleaning,
inspect buildings, water,
sewer, etc.

Question 56

Early American Environmentalism:
Anti-urban & Not focused on public health

Answer 56

preservationist- criticize exploitation of nature, esp. mining, timber harvesting, damming rivers, & grazing.

conservationist-wise use of natural resources. The country’s treatment of its land & wildlife is a
measure of its character.

romanticism: transcendental “enlightenment’ in nature; John Muir: wilderness – “sublime,
transcendent & clean

Question 57

recreation & Playground Movements:

Answer 57

-there was a new movement that challenged the idea that parks were just for fun but could serve as lungs for the poor,

new movements such as the cleaning of parks, close to schools

women leadership, no longer working on weekends or 40 laws

-changed focus of urban &
environmental health to working, living, educating & recreating conditions

-In this movement, white educated women live w/poor immigrants, and offered immigrants services

-moreover, they focuses on the social determinats of health
-like public baths, daycare, college extension, music school art gallery

-research impacts sweating system workplace conditions mapped disease

Question 58

whos lugenia burns hope

Answer 58

• founded Atlanta Neighborhood
  Union – black-led settlement house

-Worked at Hull House; left frustrated not
committed to Black Chicago.

-nursing, hygiene, sanitation programs,
field epidemiology investigations, political
action committee for policy change

-Partnered with Morehouse & Spelman College students

-Detailed map-making, surveying & co creating intervention w/Black community

Question 59

What are some theories believed was the source for people getting sick

Answer 59

-miasma it was the belief that filth and foul air was from rotting from the organic matter and dirt causing disease

-the proposed solution was to address urban congestion and sanitation like the H2o sewerage, ventilation, street cleaning & paving waste removal slaighterr houses

-however the challenge that it not explain Not explain why not all filthy neighborhoods
experienced epidemics; costly construction across the region;
public policy/private action; controversial role for State.

-2) contagion it was that disease passed form the sick to the healthy

-a solution was that the Military enforced quarantines/cordons
sanitaire; “Health Officer”. State intervention in economy/labor

• a challenged : failed to explain why some people did not get sick removing people did not stop new epidemics

3). moral environmentalism disease was due to ocial pathologies,’ such
as violence, intemperance, and idleness. Individual characteristics

a solution was the civilizing of immigrants and people of color however, this was racist

4. germ theory -the emerging science of f bacteriology; microbes caused
   disease; specific germ for specific disease

however, a challenge was that it ignored social conditions, racism that shaped why some exposed

Question 60

Eugenic

Answer 60

race equals genetics; “races” are
natural populations, meaning
that they are defined by
innate genetic differences,
rather than socially created
demarcations; and

-Eugenics – was a racist interpretation of Darwin’s
‘natural selection

Question 61

Land Use Zoning:
Space Immunization?

Answer 61

segregate land according to its
use: industrial, residential, agricultural.

-Nuisance control, smoke regulations, fire
protection & protect human health

Yet, also helped stabilize land values b/c brought
consistency to land uses

Question 62

Federal Housing Policie

Answer 62

-NEW federal housing agency construction standards

GI BILL -helped returning white veterans

-racial discrimination -FHA refused to insure mortgages for African Americans

-whites restricted who could live in neighborhoods

Question 63

redlining

Answer 63

Federal, Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) created a security of real estate investments, high risk or red areas were defined as comprised where a majority of people of color used to live

-banks refused to offer them loans and marked this areas with red

-only allowed loans to areas that were blue or green and only where whites lived

Question 64

whats Urban Renewal

Answer 64

Remove urban ‘blight’. Entire neighborhoods demolished; and replaced with
highways & buildings. Limited relocation programs
or replacement housing

Question 65

Carolyn swope article

Answer 65

Nearly 70 years later, the legacy of urban renewal has not lived up to these optimistic goals. Far more housing units were destroyed than were created to replace those that displaced families lost, thereby disproportionately affecting black and low-income residents; 78% of relocated families were nonwhite.

-justifies that urbal removal was an excused to displace black people from their homes in the promise so of better housing however businesses would then rent and sell the buildings at a high cost

Question 66

Benign neglect

Answer 66

The time may have come when
the issue of race could benefit
from a period of ‘benign
neglect.”

an attitude or policy of ignoring an often delicate or undesirable situation that one is held to be responsible for dealing with

-ignored needs black & brown communities

Question 67

planned shrinkage

Answer 67

actively removed fire, garbage, health care & other essential services in poor neighborhoods.
Removed life-supporting
services

Question 68

Black Panther Party:
Linking Survival & Economic Justice

Answer 68

Operated almost 30 community
clinics around the country

• Free breakfast programs for kids

-screening for sickle cell anemia

-Housing affordability & police
brutality, as health issue

-Campaigned against medical
discrimination

-“Survival programs” opened
schools/community classes in
economics, first aid & self defense;
gave away groceries and clothing

Question 69

What are THREE examples of ‘environmental change’ that are part of the work of the Neighborhood Health Center, as highlighted in “Out in the Rural”?

Answer 69

-Building community drinking-water wells

• Construction of sanitation sites, including outhouses

-Conducting repairs on the homes of expectant mothers

Question 70

What were TWO examples of the Health Center’s approach to creating economic opportunities for residents that were highlighted in “Out in the Rural”

Answer 70

The development of the Farm Cooperative
All decisions around the Cooperative, which is entirely Black-run and Black-employed, are made by the people, for the people. This Cooperative allows for local residents to stay in their homes, and not have to migrate elsewhere in search of economic opportunity.

Offering training for Health Center staff member positions (e.g., nurse aids)
Local residents can train as nurse aids, medical assistants and other technical positions in order to secure a well-paying, community-centered job

Question 71

The Health Center offers legal services in order to educate community members on how to solve their legal problems and how to defend themselves from systemic exploitation.

Answer 71

TRUE

Question 72

The Health Center funded a local Black-run bookstore carrying works by Black authors and thinkers as a way of developing a sense of cultural pride among the community.

Answer 72

true

Question 73

The legacy of Health Social Movements included:

Answer 73

• Integrating multiple issues to address inequities

-Redefining health expertise as residents & workers engaged in science & action

-Crossing racial & ethnic alliances & intersectional alliances for health equity

Question 74

The Black Panther Party was one of the most important community-health promoting social movements in the United States. The Black Panther Party promoted which of the following?

Answer 74

-Ran a free breakfast program

-Campaigned against medical discrimination

-ran “survival programs” which operated their own schools, conducted community classes in economics, first aid & self defense

Question 75

Community Based Participatory Action Research (CBPAR

Answer 75

-Community-based participatory research (CBPR) answers the call for more patient-centered, community-driven research approaches to address growing health disparities. CBPR is a collaborative research approach that equitably involves community members, researchers, and other stakeholders in the research process and recognizes the unique strengths that each bring. The aim of CBPR is to combine knowledge and action to create positive and lasting social change.

Question 76

What are some challenges of science raised by the “ Technologies of humility” article

Answer 76

-Science cannot tell us whom to hold responsible for protecting the poor from climate change?

-‘real world’ problems, science offers only part of the picture?

-Science fixes our attention on the knowable, leading to an over-dependence on fact-finding.

-uncertainty is seen as a threat to collective action?

Question 77

Macintyre et al:
5 Key features of ‘places’ for healt

Answer 77

1. physical natural environment like quality of air and water
2. availability of a healthy environment lie secure housing, emplymnet, safe areas for children
3. service environment. The presence or absence of adequate
   schools, transportation, police and fire protection, water and
   sewer systems, healthcare facilities, & social welfare services,
4. Socio-cultural features of a neighbourhood (Social
   environment). political, economic, ethnic and religious history
   of a community: norms and values, the degree of community
5. reputation of an area: How areas are perceived, by their residents, by service or
   amenity planners and providers, by banks and investors, may
   influence the infrastructure of the area, the self-esteem and
   morale of the residents, and who moves in and out of the area

Question 78

heat wave

Answer 78

The 2 neighborhoods were North Lawndale and South Lawndale, also called “Little Village.” were the neighborhoods compared

-that your neighborhood context matters for health

-The more vulnerable your place, the more likely you were to die during a heat wave

-Being elderly, lacking an air conditioner, access to transportation and social contacts (friends/family) nearby, made you vulnerable to death

-That your neighborhood context matters for health

-Living alone and having a per-existing medical condition made you vulnerable during a heat wave

-

Question 79

What issues did Klinenberg have with the CDC study and its findings?

Answer 79

It directed public health agencies to identify individuals who are vulnerable but not the places where vulnerability is often concentrated?

-they did not address the spatial patterns of death/health risks.

-It failed to consider how one’s neighborhood context could influence group vulnerability and health outcomes?

-it only looked at individual vulnerability?

Question 80

What are the major conclusions Klinenberg reaches about why the African-American population in North Lawndale had a higher death rate during the Chicago heat wave compared to their similarly impoverished Latino neighbors?

Answer 80

They are the only group segregated in ghettos with high levels of abandoned housing stock, empty lots, depleted commercial infrastructure, population decline, degraded sidewalks, parks, and streets, and impoverished institutions.

the had violent crime & active street level drug markets, which exacerbated the difficulties of using public space and organizing effective support networks.