Overview Flashcards
Plant cytokinesis
Cell plate
Until it reaches th edges
Animal cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow
Dark can’t see anything in the nucleus
Solid
Dense
Interphase
Grainy nucleus
Prophase
Genetic material lined up in middle
Metaphase
Two sets of genetic material on either side of the cell
Anaphase
Two nuclei in one cell
Anaphase
Three big stages in cell cycle
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis
Seperate cell into two cells
Stages in interphase
G1
S
G2
G1
Growing
S
One strand and copy it to make a new set
G2
Grow to double size
Replicate all organelle
Verify no issue in DNA replication
DNA error
Mutation
Mitosis
Prophase Pro metaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Prophase
Chromatin condense into chromosomes
Nuclear membrane breaks down
Spindle fibers form
Spindle fibers attach to
Kinectochores
Metaphase
Spindle fibers pull genetic material to center
Equator
Anaphase
Spindle fibers break centromere and separate sister chromatids into chromosomes
Once their separated their not chromatids anymore
Telophase
Chromosomes move to opposite sides Opposite of prophase Spindle fibers break down Nucleus reforms Chromosomes uncoil not chromatin
Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow and cell plate
What regulates cell checkpoints
Cyclin driven by kinase
Gene that makes cyclin and kinases
Cdk gene
G1 checkpoint
Ensures growth
S checkpoint
Ensures you replicated ur DNA
G2 checkpoint
U regulated ur organelles
No mutation variation
Metaphase checkpoint
All genetic material is lined up in the middle
If u can’t pass checkpoint
Sent to resting phase g0
Resting phase
G0
What happens in g0
Fix the problem or marked for death with ubiquitin
How are cells marked for death
They are tagged with ubiquitin and broke down by proteosomes
Contact inhibition
Stop growing after one layer to prevent tumors
Contact inhibition is controlled by
P53 gene
P53 gene
Timor suppressant
Gene that cpdealswirh how fast you go through the cycle
Oncogene
Cancer leads to
Tumors
Why are tumors bad
They use a lot of resources and energy
They don’t do a job
Benign tumor
Not spreading
Malignant tumor
Cells break off of main tumor and spread to other places
Metastasizing
Cells break off main tumor
Biopsy
Determines whether tumor is benign or malignant
Mos of your cells should be in interphase
Carcinoma
Linings
Skin cancer
Sarcoma
Internal linings and organs
Muscles
Leukemia
Blood born
Myeloma
Bone marrow
Lymphoma
Lymph system
Purpose of mitosis
Somatic cells
Growth development
Healing
Meiosis
Gametes
Crossing over when
Prophase 1
Meiosis ploidy
Diploid to Haploid
On humans diploid have how many chromosomes
46
Haploid in humans have how many chromosomes
23
Cellular differentiation
Selective reading of genes
Genes
Sections of DNA the encode for proteins
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells
Totipotemt stem cells
Any cell
Pluripotent
Almost all cells
Multipotent
can become closely related things
Adult stem cell
How to change stem cell
Put it next to specialized cell and it will become that cell
Telomere
Non coding repeating sequence of DNA
That buffers DNA
Aaaabbbbbbcccccddddaaaaaabbbbbcccccc
Every time you divide what happens to telomeres
The get shorter and shorter until they’d are Unexistent
And cell in no longer able to divide and DNA will begin to break down and it will die
When enough cells die, an organism dies
Hi stones
DNA coils around his tones to condense it
duplicated chromosom
X shape
Centromere
Holds chromatids together
Sister chromatids separate
Chromosomes
Who controls spindle fibers
Centrioles
What happens in centrosome to build spindle fibers
Anabolic reaction
Sticking amino acids together
