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Biology Honors-Cellular Reproduction: Biology > Overview > Flashcards

Overview Flashcards

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0
Q

Plant cytokinesis

A

Cell plate

Until it reaches th edges

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1
Q

Animal cytokinesis

A

Cleavage furrow

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2
Q

Dark can’t see anything in the nucleus
Solid
Dense

A

Interphase

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3
Q

Grainy nucleus

A

Prophase

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4
Q

Genetic material lined up in middle

A

Metaphase

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5
Q

Two sets of genetic material on either side of the cell

A

Anaphase

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6
Q

Two nuclei in one cell

A

Anaphase

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7
Q

Three big stages in cell cycle

A

Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

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8
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Seperate cell into two cells

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9
Q

Stages in interphase

A

G1
S
G2

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10
Q

G1

A

Growing

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11
Q

S

A

One strand and copy it to make a new set

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12
Q

G2

A

Grow to double size
Replicate all organelle
Verify no issue in DNA replication

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13
Q

DNA error

A

Mutation

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14
Q

Mitosis

A 
Prophase 
Pro metaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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15
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin condense into chromosomes
Nuclear membrane breaks down
Spindle fibers form

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16
Q

Spindle fibers attach to

A

Kinectochores

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17
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle fibers pull genetic material to center

Equator

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18
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibers break centromere and separate sister chromatids into chromosomes

Once their separated their not chromatids anymore

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19
Q

Telophase

A 
Chromosomes move to opposite sides
Opposite of prophase
Spindle fibers break down
Nucleus reforms
Chromosomes uncoil not chromatin
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20
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cleavage furrow and cell plate

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21
Q

What regulates cell checkpoints

A

Cyclin driven by kinase

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22
Q

Gene that makes cyclin and kinases

A

Cdk gene

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23
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

Ensures growth

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24
Q

S checkpoint

A

Ensures you replicated ur DNA

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25
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

U regulated ur organelles

No mutation variation

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26
Q

Metaphase checkpoint

A

All genetic material is lined up in the middle

27
Q

If u can’t pass checkpoint

A

Sent to resting phase g0

28
Q

Resting phase

A

G0

29
Q

What happens in g0

A

Fix the problem or marked for death with ubiquitin

30
Q

How are cells marked for death

A

They are tagged with ubiquitin and broke down by proteosomes

31
Q

Contact inhibition

A

Stop growing after one layer to prevent tumors

32
Q

Contact inhibition is controlled by

A

P53 gene

33
Q

P53 gene

A

Timor suppressant

34
Q

Gene that cpdealswirh how fast you go through the cycle

A

Oncogene

35
Q

Cancer leads to

A

Tumors

36
Q

Why are tumors bad

A

They use a lot of resources and energy

They don’t do a job

37
Q

Benign tumor

A

Not spreading

38
Q

Malignant tumor

A

Cells break off of main tumor and spread to other places

39
Q

Metastasizing

A

Cells break off main tumor

40
Q

Biopsy

A

Determines whether tumor is benign or malignant

Mos of your cells should be in interphase

41
Q

Carcinoma

A

Linings

Skin cancer

42
Q

Sarcoma

A

Internal linings and organs

Muscles

43
Q

Leukemia

A

Blood born

44
Q

Myeloma

A

Bone marrow

45
Q

Lymphoma

A

Lymph system

46
Q

Purpose of mitosis

A

Somatic cells
Growth development
Healing

47
Q

Meiosis

A

Gametes

48
Q

Crossing over when

A

Prophase 1

49
Q

Meiosis ploidy

A

Diploid to Haploid

50
Q

On humans diploid have how many chromosomes

A

46

51
Q

Haploid in humans have how many chromosomes

A

23

52
Q

Cellular differentiation

A

Selective reading of genes

53
Q

Genes

A

Sections of DNA the encode for proteins

54
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells

55
Q

Totipotemt stem cells

A

Any cell

56
Q

Pluripotent

A

Almost all cells

57
Q

Multipotent

A

can become closely related things

Adult stem cell

58
Q

How to change stem cell

A

Put it next to specialized cell and it will become that cell

59
Q

Telomere

A

Non coding repeating sequence of DNA
That buffers DNA
Aaaabbbbbbcccccddddaaaaaabbbbbcccccc

60
Q

Every time you divide what happens to telomeres

A

The get shorter and shorter until they’d are Unexistent
And cell in no longer able to divide and DNA will begin to break down and it will die

When enough cells die, an organism dies

61
Q

Hi stones

A

DNA coils around his tones to condense it

62
Q

duplicated chromosom

A

X shape

63
Q

Centromere

A

Holds chromatids together

64
Q

Sister chromatids separate

A

Chromosomes

65
Q

Who controls spindle fibers

A

Centrioles

66
Q

What happens in centrosome to build spindle fibers

A

Anabolic reaction

Sticking amino acids together

Biology Honors-Cellular Reproduction: Biology (3 decks)

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