Overview Flashcards
original lifestyles of the NA
nomadic
had tribal laws and governments
languages
own cultures and ceremonies
lived off buffalo
gold rush
gold discovered in 1849 in california
increasing numbers of people moving west
westward expansion
the government adopted a policy of influencing white sttlers to inhabit the planes, slowly removing the NA from their lands
the plain wars
a series of clashes between na and the army throughout and after the civil war
the most notorious of these was teh sand creek massacre in 1864
homestead act
UPR
Union Pacific railroad
It’s construction accelerated westward expansion and further disrupted buffallo
reservation policy
the governemnt had dedicated land for na to live on
manifest destiny
belief by white amrericans that they had been chosen to inhabit the land
battle of little bighorn
1876
souix indians left their reservation
gebneral custer attempted to push them back in but they knew the land better than the army and outnumbered him
the army were scattered
the dawes act
1887
in the belief that land ownership would assimilate na, they were given allotments
160 acres fam land and 320 of grazing land
they paid taxes and therefore were no longer wards of teh state
wounded knee
1890
unarmed sioux indians left their reservation and werte gunned down
the curtis act
1898
removed the rights of na to be subject to their own tibal laws and government
meriam report
1928 report lead by social scientists
Denounced reservation policy and highlighted the poverty and distress of Native American
lone wolf v hitchcock
1903
allowed the us governemnt to revoke any treaty rights
cherokee nation v hitchcock
1902
denied them the right to livce by their own religion and culture
SAI
formed in 1911
50 educated na
teh first attempt to campaign for imporvment in healtythcare and better education
by the 1920s they hadnt achieved much due to lack of funds and support by na
WWI
10,000 fought and gained recognition for bravery
the governemnt also instigated urbanisation, as they pushed na to move to industrial areas
Indian citizenship act 1924
not that na wanted it, they were given the right to vote.
howerver 2/3 already had the right to vote due to the dawes act 1887
this did not always mean that theyw ere able to vote in state elections - discrimiantion
New deal
the new deal provided the foundation for refroms of the 1970s
Indian reocgnition act
(wheeler howard act)
john collier (1934)
* more influence over their reseravtions
* given the right to pratcise tehir culturestopped teh sale of NA land
WWII
25,000 served
75,000 in industry
those in reservations faced harship as funding was diverted
native veterans forced back after war
code breakers
NCAI
formed in 1944 as a result of teh wartime
realsied that to bring abotu real change the movement needed unity
worked through the court sto challengde unequal employment and ecuation aswell as breaking of treaties
ICC
formed in 1944
indian clamins commison set up by congress due to pressure from the ncai
* intended to allow them to regain land they had lost
* however they acted slowly and couldnt keep up with the number of claims
* also attempted to compensate them with money
Harison v laveen
1948
despite getting the right to vote in 1924 due to the citizenship act - an example of the prevention of NA being able to vote
termination policy
began in 1953
inended to accelrate termination policy
it intended to change their role as wards of teh government, subjecting them to the same laws as other citizens
essentially ended teh reconition of tribes and treaty rights
indian vocational training
1956
provided them with training in vocational skills ect to make them employable
termination policy
national indian youth council
1961
NIYC formed
pursuit of NA civil rights such as religious fredom
fish ins in washington
lawsuits and protests
JFK
jfk made a pledge to NA that he would improve reservation conditions, but this had not been achieved by the time of his death
Red power
a movement of young native americnas, inspired by their own injsutrice and black power
engaged in high profile activities such as the fish in in washington and the purusuit of native soveriegnty in the 1960s
President johnson and the forgotten american
1968
johnson named the native american as the forgotten americans
AIM
formed in 1968 during red power
militant organisation that took uop issues of discirmination.
patrolled the streets in red berays, reducing the number of arrests of young na
Alcatraz occupation
1969-1971
lead by richard oaks
began with just 14 but 80 were soon there
recieved global media coverage
accelerated teh red power movement
presdient nixons speech to congress
1970
he denounced the treatement of na in the past
highlighted their poverty and degridation
particulalry opposed termination plicy and the poverty it caused
occupation of mount rushmore
1971 during red power
occupier mount rushmore as a sacred burial griounbd for the lakota souix indians
they were eventually removed
AIM took over bureau of indian affairs
1972
during a protest to raise concerns over the position of NA in washington. violnce arrupted and soin the protetsors found themlsves without accomodation, taking over the BIA headquaters
occupation of wounded knee
1973
occupation of wounded knee, the site of the 1890 massacre
the indian self determination act
1975
passed by ford following nixons reformative administration
allowed tribes to take control of their own provisions such as healthcare and ecuation
the indian education asistance act
1975
gave na parents more involvemtn in their childrens education
oneida v oneida and maddison counties, new york
1974
opened the floodgates for future claims to land
The american indian policy review
1975
set up to review the historiucal and legal relationship between the governemtn and na
Fisher v montana
1976
allowed tribes rights over teh adoption of na children
this was the begining of a series of policies to ensure na family stability
The indian child welfare act
1978
prevented mostly the removal of na chilkdren from their families due to culture
united states v sioux nation
1980
ruled that the sioux nation were netitled to 17.5 million dollars compensation for their lost lands
the tribe rejected it because they wanted the land, not comopensation
seminole tribe v butterworth
1982
allowed them to have gambling premises on their reservations even though its illegal under federal law
charrier v bell
1986
allowed them the righst to remains buried in lousiana
native american graves pro-tection and repatriation act
due to the work of NARF
columbus day
1992
NA protests over the celebration of Columbus day
impact of reservation policy
intended on assimilating NA
* prohibited their nomadic lifestyle
* crushed tribalism
* converting them to crhistianity
* re-educating na children
meriam report
1928
social scientists =, condeming allotment policy and desribed teh dreadful position of NA in society
result of the meriam report
hoover appointed charles roades to follow what was suggested in the report
* closure of off-reservation shcools
* funding to improve healthcare
* however nothing was done to stop allotment policy
other work of john collier
as commisioner of indian affairs
* na became more involved in the BIA
* stimulated an interest in NA culture
* used new deal funding to imporve reservations
position of na in the 1960s
- had begun to urbanise, 60,000 left reservations
- 25% were cklassified as poor
- life expectancy 20 yrs below white people
*
reforms of Nixon
- appointed mohawk sioux as commisioner of indian affairs
- 1970 pledge to retrubn lands
- emphasis on refroms of na education, indian edcuation act
- prefernce of na in the bia
native american relgiious freedom act
1978
allowed them rights to their sacred objects and those remains in museums and burial grounds
NARF
formed in 1970 to protect the rights of NA and their tribal culture
its biggest campaign was for the return of lands and nativer soveriegnty
was also vital in supreme court cases
