Overview

Question 1

Phlebotomy

Answer 1

Procedure of removing blood from vascular system by puncturing a vein,or sometimes an artery with a needle or by making an incision (rarely) to obtain blood for a blood sample: for diagnostic purposes

• therapeutic purposes eg. polycythemia
• collecting from blood donors

Question 2

Venipuncture

Answer 2

Is the act of puncturing a vein with a needle or cannula for drawing blood for administering a therapeutic substance for intravenous feeding or for therapeutic purposes. Although venipuncture is often performed for medical purposes or to administer a general anesthetic, it is, in essence, a surgical procedure and basic principles of surgery apply.

Question 3

Intravenous therapy

Answer 3

Is the method by which a therapeutic fluid/solution or medication is administered through an infusion set. The IV set includes a plastic or glass bottle containing a solution and tubing to connect the bottle to a catheter or needle in the patient’s arm.

Question 4

Isotonic solution (D5W)

Answer 4

Dextrose 5% in water.
•Fluid loss
•Dehydration
•Hypernatremia

• Use cautiously in renal and cardiac patients
• Can cause fluid overload

Question 5

Isotonic (NaCl)

Answer 5

0.9% Sodium Chloride/Normal Saline 
For
•Shock
•Hyponatremia
•Blood transfusions 
•Resuscitation 
•Fluid challenges 
•DKA (diabetic keto acidosis)

• Can cause overload
• Use with caution in patients with heart failure or edema.

Question 6

Isotonic (LR)

Answer 6

Riingers Lactate: Lactated Ringers

• Dehydration
• Burns
• Lower GI fluid loss
• Acute blood loss
• Hypovolemia due to third spacing
• Contains potassium, don’t use with renal failure patients • Don’t use with liver disease ( can’t metabolize lactate)

Question 7

Hypotonic (1/2 normal saline)

Answer 7

0.45% Sodium Chloride

• Water replacement
• DKA
• Gastric fluid loss from NG or vomiting.
• Use with caution
• May cause cardiovascular collapse or increased intracranial pressure
• Don’t use with liver disease, trauma, or burns

Question 8

Hypotonic (dextrose/saline)

Answer 8

Dextrose 5% in 1/2 saline

•later in DKA therapy

-Use only when blood sugar falls below 14mmol/l (250mg/dl)

Question 9

Hypertonic (Dextrose/saline)

Answer 9

Dextrose 5% in normal saline

• Temporary treatment for shock if plasma expanders are not available
• Addison’s crisis

-Don’t use in cardiac or renal patients.

Question 10

Hypertonic (Dextrose)

Answer 10

Dextrose 10% in water

• Hypotonic water replacement
• Conditions where some nutrition with glucose is required.

-Monitor blood sugar levels.

Question 11

Isotonic definition

Answer 11

Solutions containing an electrolyte balance similar to plasma in the blood stream. When an isotonic solution is administered, the fluid volume of the patient is increased without a fluid shift. When administering isotonic solutions continue monitoring patient to ensure rehydration does not turn into fluid overload.

Question 12

Hypotonic definition

Answer 12

Have a lower concentration of electrolytes than plasma. When a hypotonic solution is administered intravenously, fluid shifts out of the blood stream to the area of higher concentration in the interstitial and intercellular spaces. A patient in diabetic keto acidosis experiences the intracellular space becoming dehydrated. The hypotonic solution helps rehydrate the cells. The patient should be monitored during administration for hypovolemia as more fluid leaves the blood stream.

Question 13

Hypertonic definition

Answer 13

F Have a higher concentration of electrolytes than plasma. Administering a hypertonic solution causes a fluid shift from the interstitial and intracellular spaces into the blood stream to dilute the electrolytes. The administration of hypertonic solutions should be monitored very closely as they can quickly lead to fluid overload.