Overview 1 Flashcards
What are the subdivisions of the nervous system?
Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System
Cells of the nervous system, that conduct nerve impulses…
Neurons
The nerve’s threshold of stimulus…
Action potential
A junction between two neurons…
Synapse
A reversal of charge across the neuronal membrane caused by the movement of positively and negatively charged ions through ion channels… (a reversal of the state of electrical charge of conducting fiber)
Depolarization
Reestablishment of the normal distribution of charge across the neuronal membrane… (a return of the initial state of the electrical charge)
Repolarization
A chemical substance that crosses the synaptic cleft and activates opening of ion channels in the postsynaptic nerve, and thereby enables the nerve impulse to pass from one nerve to the next…
Neurotransmitter
Specialized sites on ion channels to which natural neurotransmitter substances or drugs attach…
Receptor sites
The Central Nervous System consists of…
Cerebral cortex, Core of Brain, Cerebellum, Brainstem
Peripheral Nervous System consists of…
Nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS
How many cranial nerves are there?
12
Which nerve allows one to see?
Optic nerve
Which nerve allows one to smell?
Olfactory nerve
Which nerve allows one to hear?
Auditory nerve
What nerve supplies sensation to the teeth and jaws?
Trigeminal nerve
What are the muscles responsible for jaw movement during chewing?
Muscles of mastication
Which nerve allows one to smile, frown, wink, etc?
Facial nerve
What are the components of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Sympathetic, Parasympathetic
What does the sympathetic nervous system exert?
Norepinephrine
What does the parasympathetic nervous system exert?
Acetylcholine
The actions of the parasympathetic nervous system are…
Cholinergic
The receptors that play an essential role in regulation of blood pressure with positional changes…
Baroreceptors
When atropine is administered it blocks…
Acetylcholine
Organ made up of a specialized type of muscle, that contracts on its own…
Myocardium
2 upper chambers of the heart…
Atria
2 lower chambers of the heart….
Ventricles
All vessels leading away from the heart are called…
Arteries
All vessels leading to the heart are called…
Veins
The only artery that carries oxygen-depleted blood…
Pulmonary artery
The right side of the heart is filled with…
Deoxygenated blood
The left side of the heart is filled with…
Oxygenated blood
The definitive test for valve function is…
Echocardiogram
Death of cells is called…
Ischemia
What decreases blood flow, constricting arterioles?
Vasoconstriction
What increases blood flow, dilation of a vessel?
Vasodilation
The phase when the heart’s pumping action forces blood into ventricles, causing the the ventricle to expand…
Diastolic phase
The phase of the heart’s pumping action when the ventricles contract, forcing blood to lungs or peripheral circulation…
Systolic phase
Normal blood pressure for teens/adults…
< 120/80
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each beat is called…
Stroke volume
What is determined by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate?
Cardiac output
The number of cardiac cycles or heart is…
60-100 beats per minute
Any heart rate below 60 beats per minute…
Bradycardia
Any heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute…
Tachycardia
The hearts rate and rhythm are controlled by…
Cardiac conduction system
The hearts rate and rhythm are controlled by…
Cardiac conduction system
A microscopic collection of heart muscle fibers where cardiac rhythm originates…
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
The sinoatrial (SA) node is also called…
The pacemaker of the heart
A heart experiencing a lack of oxygen is called…
Hypoxia
What is a reflection of depolarization, which produces the muscular contraction of the atria?
P wave
What is a reflection of the activity producing ventricular contraction?
QRS complex
What is a reflection of the electrical activity producing ventricular repolarization?
T wave
What is clotted or partially clotted blood outside the blood vessel?
Hematoma
What is the anterior surface of the elbow between the arm and forearm?
Antecubital fossa
What is an inflammation of the vein and can be quite painful?
Phlebitis
What is the space between the nasal cavity and the trachea?
Pharynx (throat)
What is the portion above the back of the soft palate?
Nasopharynx
What lies between the soft palate and epiglottis?
Oropharynx
What allows air in and out of the lungs, while preventing food or liquid into the lungs?
Epiglottis
What is located directly behind voicebox?
Laryngopharynx
What procedure involves the passage of a large needle into the trachea
Cricothyrotomy
What are the air sacs that look like small bunches of grapes?
Alveoli
What is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
What percent of blood is made up of red blood cells?
40%
What are normal levels of RBC’s?
Females (35-45%) Males (42-52%)
What is a reduction in the number of RBC in the blood stream?
Anemia
What is the percentage of actual oxygen carries compared with the oxygen capacity?
Oxygen saturation
What is the area where gases are not exchanged?
Dead space
The amount of gas that is inspired or expired during one respiratory cycle…
Tidal volume
Where is the rhythm of inspiration and expiration established?
Respiratory center
Slower-acting endocrine system relies on chemical messengers…
Hormones
Where are the Islets of Langerhans located?
Pancreas
Low blood sugar…
Hypoglycemic
What are the small glands that sit atop the kidneys bilaterally?
Adrenal glands
What is a life-threatening allergic reaction?
Anaphylaxis
What is the antibody most frequently associated with allergic reactions?
IgE
What is an involuntary spasm of the vocal cords?
