Overthrow Of The Monarchy Flashcards
What were the causes of the revolutionary war?
- padua circular
- empror leopald 2 wrote a diplomatic letter in which he called for other European monarchs to demand louis’ freedom
- was not generally well received by other rulers, they had little enthusiasm for any action against France, however lead to rapproachment between Austria and Prussia which allowed for a stronger pillnitz declaration.
How did the declaration of pillnitz cause the war?
- the declaration appeared to be a threat to interfere in french internal affairs and it gave enemies of the kng in France more reasons to distrust him
- however, Austria knew that other European powers would not join them and therefore the declaration would not lead to much action.
- the assembly did not debate it
- the threat and presence of emigre troops under Louis’ brother on frnace’s north eastern frontier made the revolutionaries more suspicious of the monarchy. feared counter revolution and invasion
Why did the king and queen support the war?
- hoped for a war in which france (constitutional assembly) would be overthrown and restoration of the monarchy
- believed that france would be easily defeated: france was weak from internal division, mutinies of the army and loss of officers who ad fled the country, bankrupt nature of french finances. but the deputies were not convinced
- believed there was a secret Austrian committee running frances foreign affairs
Why did Mary commanders want war?
- LaFayette and dumouirez wanted war. lafeyetet had become disillusioned with the revolution, there was no political stability and therefore wanted the king’s power to be strengthened
- believed the way would also strengthen his prestige as a general, he could make his own demands to the king
Why did people in government support war?
- radical leftist: brissot wanted a war because he believed the king’s true sympathies would be revealed as well as exposing any traitors to the revolution
- brissots became the Girondins also advocated for a war
- a successful conflict would increase enthusiasm for the revolution and its permanence
- france could extend their revolutionary ideals abroad
- European powers were unlikely to unite against France
Who was opposed to war?
Robespierre was isolated in his opposition to the war, believed that france as armed missionaries would cause objection in other countries
How did king vs the assembly lead to war?
- girondin attacks on the Austrian committee caused the king to dismiss his feuillant ministers March 1792 and appointed a more radical govt who obeyed the assembly over the king
- france declared war on 20th April 1792. hoped to only fight austria but prussia joined the war
How did the military crisis contribute to the overthrow of the monarchy?
- almost half of te officers had become emigres and its officers were demoralised,
- when advanced into Austrian Netherlands on 20th April 1792, they were faced with determined opposition. amry panicked and headed to Lille and murdered their commander
- end of may all field commanders were recommending that peace be made immediately
- allies counter attacked and invaded France: treason and traitors were blames: marie Antoinette had sent details of plans to Austria
How did royal vetoes contribute to the overthrow of the monarchy?
- the assembly in nov 1791 said that any emigres who did not return by 1st jan 1792 would forfeit property and seen as traitors. Loius vetoed these which increased unpopularity.
- the assembly saw refractory priests and counter revolutionaries wo wanted to restore the authority of the church as a threat
- assembly passed a law for the deportation of refractory priests and passed not swearing on te clerical oath a crime, louis vetoed these.
- assembly passed a law to disband the king’s guard, a third set up a camp for 20k national guards (federes) that would protect paris from invasion and a coup from the generals
- louis refused to veto them. dismissed all girondin ministers on 13th june
- there was an expectation of a military coup in favour of the king, increased suspicion of the king as anti-revolutionary
How did the rise of the sans culottes contribute to the overthrow of the monarchy?
- in response leaders of the Paris sections held an armed demonstration on 20 june in the tuilers and forced louis to wear the bonnet rouge: red cap of liberty
- showed the assemblys inability to protect him, showed te weakness of the king’s position and giving power to the sections
- 11th july assembly declared a state of emergency, calling on every Frenchman to fight, but this called for greater democracy. federes and the sections demanded the admission of passive citizens into sectional assemblies and the national guard. requests granted by the end of the month
How did the feeders contribute to the overthrow of the monarchy?
- made up of militant revolutionaries and republicans, sans culottes, only 5000 members in paris
- powerful pressure group that demanded the removal of the king
- because of new insurrection being caused by the federes, the Girondins changed their attitude towards the king and offered to protect the king if he would recall the ministers he had dismissed on 13th june but louis rejected this offer.
- robespierre, jacobin leader cooperated with the federes on 29th July and proposed: abandoning the constitution of 1791, overthrow of the monarchy, establishing the national convention and a purge of the departmental authorities as many of them were royalist.
How did the Brunswick manifesto lead to the overthrow of the monarchy?
- issued by commander in chief of the austro-prussian armies was published in paris on 1st August
- its terms were: ensure the welfare of France and not to conquer any french territory, restore liberty of Louis XVI, that Paris free Louis and if the Tuileries palace and Louis were attacked the army would inflict exemplary vengeance upon the city
Consequences:
- this outraged the frenchmen as this was seen as foreign intervention in frances domestic affairs, turning many against the monarchy.
- on 3rd august, the mayor of pairs went into the legislative assembly and demanded the abolition of the monarchy but the assembly refused to depose the king and put lafeyette on trial on behalf of 47/48 sections
- contributed to the causes of the attack on the Tuileries palace
How did the proclamation of teh republic contribute to the overthrow of the monarchy?
- constitutional monarchists went into hiding and the girondins were left in charge
- assembly did all the commune wanted:
- refractory prieests to be deported to guiana
- abolition without compensation of fuedal dues. won over the peasantry and effectively ended the feudal system
- divorce legalised, certificates of death, birth and marriage a state rather than church responsibility
How did girondins vs jacobins contribute to the overthrow of the monarchy?
- September 1792 men over 21 could vote.
- 749 seat convention. those who had shown support for the royalists were disenfranchised.
- all 24 memeebrs for paris were jacobins and republicans
- needed to gain support of the plain, majority of the convention who were non partisan. at first they supported the girondins
What happpened in the trial and execution of Louis xvi?
- jacobins and sans culottes wanted the execution and trial of Louis. the girondins wanted to save Louis from trial: suggesting Louis be tried by a referendum and when he was sentenced to death proposed a reprieve.
- Louis was sentenced because of incriniminated evidence found in the amoire de fer + marat had proposed a decision be reached in the assembly by appel nominal so that traitors would be found easily, as result no one found found him innocent.
- the execution took place on 21st January 1793. for being a menace to the revolution and he had shown after 1789 he could not be trusted to have the best interests of the revolution at heart.
- the execution was the first Jacobin victory. although more than half girondin leaders had voted for the death penalty, they were branded as royalists by the Montegnards + the Montegnards gained an ascendancy in the convention
What were the conditions that led to the declaration of war?
- feb 1792 Austria and Prussia became allies and wanted to intimidate the french
- did not think that fighting the French would be hard, France was considered weak due to internal division, munities in the army and loss of many officers who had fled the country, bankrupt nature of french finances
- Austrian threats and girondin attacks on the Austrian committee forced Louis to dismiss the feulliant ministers. He appointed a more radical government with some girondins which meant more people in the assembly and government wanted war, esp foreign minister dumouriez.
- Francis 2 learnt Marie antoinette would be on trial he decided on war but France declared it on 20 April 1792 with only 7 deputies voting against it.
Prussia declared war in June
The revolutionary was would last for ten years until treaty of Amiens 1802, last in the loss of 1.4m french people, dramatically alter direction of rev
