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Overall Study Guide Test 2 > Overall Study Guide > Flashcards

Overall Study Guide Flashcards

Test 2

1
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium- outermost layer of the heart
Myocardium- thickest layer of the heart (made up of contractile cardiac muscle cells)
Endocardium-thin layer of endothelial tissue that forms innermost layer of the heart

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2
Q

Draw the heart

A

Trace Blood Flow As Well

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3
Q

Anatomy of the heart

A 
Four chambers (see other slide)
Superior and inferior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Aorta
Two pumps (see other slide)
Four valves(see other slide)
Two semilunar valves (see other slide)
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4
Q

What are the two pumps of the heart?

A

The right side pump- pumps blood to lungs for gas exchange (pulmonary circulation)
The left side pump- pumps blood to the body (systemic circulation)

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5
Q

What do the atrioventricular valves do?

A 
Help prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
Tricuspid Valve (right atrioventricular valve)
Mitral Valve (left atrioventricular valve)
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6
Q

What do the semilunar valves do?

A 
Prevent back-flow of blood from arteries to the ventricles 
Aortic Valve (left semilunar valve)
Pulmonary Valve (right semilunar valve)
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7
Q

Electrical conduction of the heart

A 
Cardiac Cycle
Sinoatrial Node 
A.V. Node
A.V Bundle (Bundle of HIS) 
Perjunkie Fibers
(See more in depth on these in the heart study flashcards)
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8
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of the ventricles

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9
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of the ventricles

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10
Q

Neck Vessels Assessment – JVD Inspect 1st Step

A

INSPECT!!
 Stand on right side of client
 Suspine position, torso elevated 30-45 degrees
 Client turn head slightly to the left
 Jugular Venous Distention (JVD) - May shine a light source onto the neck to increase visualization
 Pulsations- Inspect suprasternal notch or the area around clavicles for pulsations of the internal jugular vein.
 Note: Not going to assess Jugular Venous Pressure – often omitted and replaced by a medical order for pulmonary artery catheter placement
See page 446 Assesment book

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11
Q

Neck Vessels Assessment – JVD Inspect 2nd Step

A

AUSCULTATE
Carotid Arteries - Use the bell of the stethoscope, ask the client to hold their breath for a moment, detect if there is a possible Bruit (mumur)

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12
Q

Neck Vessels Assessment – JVD Inspect 3rd Step

A

PALPATE
Carotid Arteries - Pulse (palpate one side at a time)- Vessel elasticity- thrills (Slight palpable vibration associated with cardiac murmur)

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13
Q

Should you auscultate or palpate first?

A

Auscultate (examine a patient with a stethoscope) before palpating (examine by touching)

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14
Q

What are heart sounds produced by?

A

Valve Closure (lubdubb- S1&S2)

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15
Q

Lub Sound and Dub Sound

A

s1 & s2

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16
Q

S1=?

A

BEGINNING of systole (Mitral and Tricuspid valve closure) 1st heart sound

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17
Q

S2=?

A

Indicates the END of ventricular systole (Aortic and Pulmonic valve closure) 2nd heart sound

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18
Q

S3=?

A

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a chronic progressive condition that affects the pumping power of your heart muscles. Commonly called heart failure. Heard LLSB (Tricuspid Area) or apex with bell.

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19
Q

S4=?

A

Ventricular wall damage- Myocardial Infarction (MI - Heart Attack) Heard LLSB (Tricuspid Area) or apex with bell.

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20
Q

Murmurs

A

Caused by turbulence secondary to increased blood flow, constricted vessels, dilated vessels or a combination (Causing swooshing or blowing sound)

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21
Q

Diminished S1

A

Sound is decreased in obese/barrel chest clients. Can also be decreased with early heart block.

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22
Q

Split S1

A

Mitral/Aortic close before tricuspid/pulmonic. Heard in 4th ICS

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23
Q

Accentuated S2

A

Sound may increase in clients during exercise or with HTN. ( hypertension- High Blood Pressure)

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24
Q

Split S2

A

During inspiration (inhalation), aortic valve may be heard before pulmonic valve. Heard as “lub”. During expiration (exhalation), valves close as one “Dub”.

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25
Q

What do you do if you detect an irregular rhythm?

A

Auscultate for a pulse rate deficit - Palpate the radial pulse while you auscultate the apical pulse. Count for a full minute. Radial and apical pulse rates should be identical.

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26
Q

What is a Pulse Deficit

A

Difference between apical and peripheral/radial pulse.

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27
Q

What can a Pulse Deficit indicate?

A

May indicate- Atrial Fib, Atrial FLutter, PVC’s (Flutter or Skip a beat heartbeat), and varying degrees of heart block.

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28
Q

What is the precordium?

A

Anterior chest area (Region in front of the heart)

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29
Q

Where do you locate the angle of Louis?

A

Anterior angle formed by the junction of the manubrium and the body of the sternum. Felt as prominence on the sternum.

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30
Q

“APE To Man” Where is the Aortic Area Located?

A

Second ICS at the right sternal border- base of the heart

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31
Q

“APE To Man” Where is the Pulmonic Area Located?

A

Second or third ICS at the left sternal border- the base of the heart

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32
Q

“APE To Man” Where is the Erb Point Located?

A

Third ICS at the left sternal border

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33
Q

“APE To Man” Where is the Tricuspid Area Located?

A

Fourth of fifth ICS at the left lower sternal border

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34
Q

“APE To Man” Where is the Mitral (Apical) Located?

A

Fifth ICS near the left MCL (Mid-Clavicular Line) - Apex of the heart * Located under assessment guide 21-2

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35
Q

What are the five areas for listening to the heart?

A

APE To Man - Aortic - Pulmonary - Erb’s Point- Tricuspid - Mitral

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36
Q

What does the S3 heartbeat sound like?

A

Ventricular Gallop- KEN-TUC-KEY

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37
Q

What does the S4 heartbeat sound like?

A

Atrial Gallop- TEN-NES-SEE

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38
Q

What does a Heart Murmur sound like?

A

Turbulent blood flow with a swooshing or blowing sound when doing auscultation.

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39
Q

What are 4 conditions that contribute to Heart Murmurs?

A

Increased Blood Velocity
Structural Valve Defects
Valve Malfunction
Abnormal Chamber Openings

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40
Q

What does atherosclerosis cause in older clients?

A

It could possibly cause obstruction, and compression may easily block circulation.

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41
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Plaque buildup in the artery wall

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42
Q

What is harder to palpate in older clients?

A

The apical pulse, because of an increased anteroposterior chest diameter.

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43
Q

Overview of coronary heart disease

A

Accumulation of plaque and lipids-fat around vessels. This can create an inadequate blood supply to heart tissue/muscle and cause an M.I. or Myocardial infarction - heart attack.

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44
Q

Risk factors of coronary heart disease

A

Family history, increasing age, race, high cholesterol-hyperlipidemia, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and physical inactivity.

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45
Q

Risk reduction teaching tips for coronary heart disease

A

Stop smoking
Choose a diet that emphasizes intake of veggies, fruits, & whole grains; includes low-fat dairy products, poultry, fish, legumes, nontropical vegetable oils, and nuts; and limits intake of sweets, sugar-sweetened beverages, and red meats
Reduce elevated cholesterol
Lower blood pressure
Increase physical activity
Work to achieve or maintain a healthy weight for height.
Manage diabetes if diagnosed.
Limit alcohol intake to an average of one to two drinks per day for men and one drink per day for women
Practice stress reducing techniques

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46
Q

Cultural considerations for coronary heart disease

A

White middle aged men have the highest incidence of coronary artery disease

  • African men have the highest incidence of hypertension
  • Women more likely to die after an MI than men
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47
Q

Arteries

A

Carry oxygenated nutrient-rich blood from the heart to the capillaries

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48
Q

Where are the major arteries of the arm?

A

Brachial, Radial, Ulnar

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49
Q

Where are the major arteries of the leg? (Peripheral Arteries)

A

Femoral, Popliteal, Dorsalis Pedis, Posterior Tibial

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50
Q

Veins

A

Carry deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted, waste-ladden blood from the tissues back to the heart

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51
Q

What are the three types of veins?

A

Deep veins, Superficial Veins, and Perforator Veins

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52
Q

Other Veins

A

Femoral, Popliteal, Saphenous Veins

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53
Q

What is the Primary Function of the Lymphatic System?

A

To drain excess fluid and plasma proteins from bodily tissues and return them to the venous system.

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54
Q

What is the Secondary Function of the Lymphatic System?

A

To function as a major part of the Immune System and defend the body against microorganisms.

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55
Q

What is the Third Function of the Lymphatic System?

A

To absorb fats (lipids) from the small intestine into the blood stream.

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56
Q

What does the Lymphatic System consist of?

A

Lymphatic Capillaries, Lymphatic Vessels, and Lymph Nodes. Small Blood Vessels.

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57
Q

What does the Lymphatic System do in addition to the three functions?

A

Form the connection between the arterioles and venules.

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58
Q

Arterial Insufficiency Pain

A

Intermittent claudication to sharp, unrelenting, constant

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59
Q

Arterial Insufficiency Skin

A

Dependent (down below the level of the heart) rubor (red) ; elevation pallor or foot; dry, shiny skin; cool to cold temperature (clammy)

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60
Q

Arterial Insufficiency Other Effects on the Body

A

Loss of hair, especially over legs - Nails thickened and rigid.

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61
Q

Venous Insufficiency Pain

A

Aching Cramping

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62
Q

Venous Insufficiency Pulses

A

Present, but can be difficult to palpate through edema

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63
Q

Venous Insufficiency Skin

A

Brown discoloration along ankles and extending up the calf
Skin thickened and rough; may be reddish-blue in color
Frequently associated with eczema
Edema (abnormal amount of fluid accumulating in the body)
Warm Skin

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64
Q

Venous Insufficiency - What to avoid

A

Prolonged sitting, standing, restrictive clothing, leg crossing

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65
Q

What Can Venous Insufficiency Lead To?

A

Venous Ulceration

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66
Q

What is Peripheral Artery Disease?

A

Disorder of the arteries and veins that causes narrowed arteries to reduce blood flow to the limbs. (Chronic condition that deprives lower extremities of oxygen and nutrients)

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67
Q

What is Peripheral Artery Disease also known as and what can it describe?

A

Peripheral Vascular Disease (if occurs in veins and arteries alike) it can also describe Arterial or Venous diseases.

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68
Q

What is the most common cause of Peripheral Artery Disease?

A

Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of altered blood flow-blockage

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69
Q

Peripheral Artery Disease Symptoms

A

Painful cramping in hip, thigh or calf muscles after certain activities such as walking or climbing stairs (claudication)
Leg numbness or weakness
Coldness in lower leg or foot
Sores on toes, feet or legs that won’t heal
A change in the color of legs
Hair loss or slower hair growth on feet and legs
Slower growth of toenails
Shiny skin on legs
No pulse or a weak pulse in legs or feet
Erectile dysfunction in men

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70
Q

Claudication

A

Pain caused by too little blood flow, usually during exercise

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71
Q

Peripheral Artery Disease Risk Factors

A 
Smoking
Diabetes
Obesity (BMI over 30)
High Blood Pressure
High Cholesterol
Increasing age ( After 50)
Family history of Peripheral Artery Disease
High levels of homocysteine (commonly found in meat)
African Americans - Twice as likely
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72
Q

Peripheral Venous Disease Symptoms

A

Heaviness of legs
Aching sensation aggravated by sitting or standing for a long period of time
Leg edema
Varicosities

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73
Q

Risk Factors for Venous Stasis

A

Long periods of standing, sitting, or lying down
Lack of muscular activity that causes blood to pool in legs which increases pressure in the veins
Varicose (tortuous and dilated) Veins which increase venous pressure. Damage to the vein wall can also contribute to venous stasis.

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74
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Risk Factors

A 
Reduced Mobility
Dehydration
Increased viscosity of the blood
Venous stasis
Leg edema, pain, warm skin, erythema
Calf tenderness on palpation
USE HOMANS SIGN TO HELP CHECK
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75
Q

Pitting Edema

A

1+ Sight Pitting
2+ Deeper than 1+
3+ Noticeably deep pit; extremity looks larger
4+ Very deep pit; gross edema in extremity

76
Q

Phlebitis and Thrombophlebitis Signs, most common cause, and Symptoms

A

Palpable, firm subcutaneous, cord-like vein, tender, red and warm, may have edema. The common cause is IV therapy.

77
Q

Phlebitis and Thrombophlebitis Treatment

A

Immediately remove IV catheter; elevation of extremity to promote venous return, and warm, moist heat to relieve pain and treat inflammation

78
Q

Inspection for the Peripheral Vascular System Arms

A

Size, presence of edema, venous return

79
Q

Antiarrhythmics

A

Suppress abnormal rhythms of the heart

80
Q

Antihypertensives

A

Lower blood pressure - Control blood pressure

81
Q

Antianginals

A

Improve blood delivery to the heart

82
Q

Anticoagulants

A

Inhibit any step of the coagulation process.

83
Q

Diuretics

A

Decrease fluid; lower blood pressure

84
Q

Types of antihypertensives - Angiotensin

A

Converting- enzyme inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors). Block the conversion of angiotensin1 to angiotensin 2. Blocks the blood pressure rasing properties of angiotensin.

85
Q

What are (ACE) inhibitors?

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors help relax your veins and arteries to lower your blood pressure. ACE inhibitors prevent an enzyme in your body from producing angiotensin II, a substance that narrows your blood vessels. This narrowing can cause high blood pressure and force your heart to work harder. Angiotensin II also releases hormones that raise your blood pressure.

86
Q

Types of antihypertensives - What does Angiotensin typically end in?

A

“-pril”

87
Q

Types of antihypertensives - Angiotensin 2

A

Can help raise blood pressure by constricting vessels. Receptor Blockers (ARBs) Selectively binds with angiotensin 2 receptors in vascular smooth muscle & in the adrenal cortex to block vasoconstriction & release of aldosterone.

88
Q

Types of antihypertensives - What does Angiotensin 2 typically end in?

A

“-sartan”

89
Q

Types of antihypertensives - Calcium channel blockers*

A

Relaxes muscle contraction or other autonomic blockers

90
Q

Types of antihypertensives - Calcium channel blockers end with?

A

“-pine”

91
Q

Types of antihypertensives - Calcium channel blockers interact with?

A

grapefruit juice

92
Q

Types of antihypertensives - Blockers (ARB’s)

A

`Selectively binds with angiotensin 2 receptors in vascular smooth muscle & in the adrenal cortex to block vasoconstriction & release of aldosterone.

93
Q

Types of antihypertensives - Vasodilators

A

Dilate vessels in order to lower blood pressure

94
Q

Vasodilators are reserved for?

A

Use in severe hypertension

95
Q

Types of antihypertensives - Beta-blockers

A

Leads to a decrease in heart rate & strength of contraction as well as vasodilation.

96
Q

Types of antihypertensives - What do Beta-blockers typically end in?

A

“-lol”

97
Q

Types of antihypertensives - Diuretic Agents

A

Decreases sodium levels and blood volume (lasiks)

98
Q

Types of antihypertensives - Renin Inhibitor

A

New class of drugs which directly inhibits renin for treating hypertension. (aliskiren or tekturna)

99
Q

What is Nutrition and Adequate Nutrition?

A

Study of food - How it affects the body and influences health, and adequate nutrition is essential to wellness

100
Q

The study of nutrition studies how living organisms:

A 
Ingest
Digest
Absorb
Transport
Metabolize
Excrete
101
Q

What is BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) ?

A

Amount of energy required at rest

102
Q

How do you calculate a BMR for women?

A

0.9kal/kg/hr. OR healthy weight x 10

103
Q

How do you calculate a BMR for men?

A

1kal/kg/hr. OR healthy weight x 11

104
Q

What are factors influencing BMR? (Basal Metabolic Rate)

A 
Major factor is lean body mass
Growth and age
Fever / Disease
Climate
Food Intake
Exercise
Emotions
105
Q

What are the Six Classes of Nutrients?

A 
Nutrients that supply energy
–	Carbohydrates
–	Proteins
–	Lipids
Nutrients that regulate body processes
–	Vitamins
–	Minerals
–	Water
106
Q

What are the Nutrients that supply energy?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids

107
Q

What are the Nutrients that regulate body processes?

A

Vitamins
Minerals
Water

108
Q

What are Carbohydrates?

A

Sugars and Starches

109
Q

What is the most abundant and least expensive source of calories in the world?

A

Carbohydrates

110
Q

What organic compounds do carbohydrates consist of?

A

Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

111
Q

What do carbohydrates serve as?

A

They serve as the structural framework of plants; lactose is the only animal source.

112
Q

What are carbohydrates classified as?

A

Classified as simple or complex sugars

113
Q

What percent of Carbohydrate intake is ingested?

A

90%

114
Q

What are carbohydrates converted to?

A

Glucose to provide energy, carbon dioxide, and water

115
Q

What is needed to prevent Ketosis?

A

50 to 100g of carbohydrates are needed daily to prevent ketosis

116
Q

What is Ketosis?

A

Metabolic process that occurs when the body begins to burn fat for energy.

117
Q

What are Monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars made only of one sugar

118
Q

Examples of Monosaccharides

A

Glucose

Fructose

119
Q

What are Disaccharides?

A

Two simple sugars are combined

120
Q

Examples of Disaccharides

A

sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose
Lactose ( milk sugar): = glucose + galactose
Maltose (malt sugar) = glucose + galactose

121
Q

Formula for BMI ( rule of thumb method) for Adult Women

A

100lb (for height of 5ft) + or – 5lbs for each additional inch over 5ft

122
Q

Formula for BMI ( rule of thumb method) for Adult Males

A

106 lbs (for height of 5ft) + or – 6lbs for each additional inch over 5ft

123
Q

Energy Values of Food

A

4 calories per gram of Carbohydrate
4 calories per gram of Protein
9 calories per gram of fat

124
Q

Energy in nutrients measured in:

A

kilocalories - A kilocalorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water to one degree Celsius.

125
Q

Living organisms

A

ingest, digest, absorb, transport, metabolize,

excrete.

126
Q

Why do males have a higher BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate)?

A

Due to larger muscle mass

127
Q

What is Basal Metabolic Rate?

A

Basal Metabolic Rate is the number of calories required to keep your body functioning at rest. BMR is also known as your body’s metabolism.

128
Q

What are factors that increase BMR?

A

Growth, infections, fever, emotional tension, extreme environmental temperatures, and elevated levels of certain hormones

129
Q

What are factors that decrease BMR?

A

Aging, prolonged fasting, and sleep.

130
Q

BMI Formulas

A

weight (kg) / [height (m)]^2

OR 703 x weight (lbs.) / [height (in)]^2

131
Q

How many meters in an inch?

A

39.4

132
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Many sugars

133
Q

What are examples of complex carbohydrates?

A

Starches and Fibers

134
Q

What form are carbohydrates stored in and where is it stored at?

A

Glycogen and the Liver and Muscles.

135
Q

How many grams per day of dietary fiber should one ingest?

A

Dietary Fiber

25-35 g/day

136
Q

What is a dietary fiber?

A

Intact plant components, Complex carbohydrates not used for energy - no usable glucose,

137
Q

What Is a Soluble Dietary Fiber?

A

This type of fiber dissolves in water to form a gel-like material. It can help lower blood cholesterol and glucose levels. It can dissolve in water, but cannot be digested by enzymes.

138
Q

Is soluble fiber fully digested by enzymes?

A

No, but soluble fiber can help reduce calorie intake as your left feeling fuller longer, and helps to soften stool.

139
Q

Examples of soluble fiber and what soluble fiber helps do?

A

Beans, oatmeal, barley, broccoli, and citrus fruits, helps to regulate blood glucose level, Weight loss, and Lowers cholesterol

140
Q

What Is an insoluble Dietary Fiber?

A

Cannot be dissolved into water or by enzymes.

141
Q

What does insoluble fiber help do?

A

Promote bowel regularity, decreases risk of diverticular diseases, and cancer

142
Q

What percent of caloric intake is Protein, and what is protein required for?

A

Protein – 10-35% of caloric intake, and required for the formation of all body structures.

143
Q

What are complete proteins? (high-quality proteins)

A

Contain all of the essential amino acids in adequate amounts. Animal proteins are complete. SOY IS ALSO COMPLETE

144
Q

What are incomplete (low quality) proteins?

A

Plant proteins are incomplete. WITH THE EXCEPTION OF SOY WHICH IS COMPLETE.

145
Q

Protein tissues are in a constant state of flux. True or false?

A

True- Tissues are continuously being broken down (catabolism) and replaced (anabolism).

146
Q

What is the Protein RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance) for adults?

A

0.8 g/kg of body weight.

147
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A 
Repair and builds tissue
Aids in resisting disease
Maintains nitrogen balance
Provides energy
Maintains osmotic pressure
Buffers
148
Q

What are the types of proteins?

A

Complete, Incomplete, and Complementary Proteins.

149
Q

When does a positive nitrogen balance occur?

A

When nitrogen intake is greater than excretion, and indicates tissue growth—for example, during childhood, pregnancy, lactation, and recovery from illness.

150
Q

When does a negative nitrogen balance occur?

A

When nitrogen is excreted than is ingested, and indicates tissue is breaking down faster than it is being replaced. This undesirable state occurs in situations such as starvation and the catabolism that immediately follows surgery, illness, trauma, and stress. This can result in the wasting of muscle tissue as it is converted to glucose for energy.

151
Q

What are complementary proteins?

A

Two or more incomplete protein sources that, when eaten in combination (at the same meal or during the same day), compensate for each other’s lack of amino acids.

152
Q

What is the daily recommended amount of fat per day?

A

20- 35% total calories,<10% saturated ( less than)

153
Q

What is the second preferred source of energy?

A

Fats

154
Q

Basic units of fats

A

fatty acids and glycerol (glycerides)

155
Q

Triglycerides

A

The predominant form of fat in food and the major storage form of fat in the body.

156
Q

Phospholipids

A

Compound lipids in which a lipid is combined with another substance. Regulate certain cellular processes, and possess both stabilizing and dynamic qualities that can aid in drug delivery.

157
Q

Sterols

A

Can be used mostly to lower cholesterol. They occur naturally in plants, animals, and fungi, and can be also produced by some bacteria.

158
Q

Are vegans at an increase for vitamin deficiency?

A

Yes, b-12

159
Q

Are fats soluble?

A

No, they are insoluble in water and blood.

160
Q

What are fats composed of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

161
Q

What percent of lipids in diet are triglycerides?

A

95% of lipids in diet are triglycerides.

162
Q

What does fat contain?

A

Contain mixtures of saturated (raise cholesterol levels) and unsaturated (lower cholesterol levels) fatty acids
– Most animal fats are saturated.
– Most vegetable fats are unsaturated

163
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

glycerol and three fatty acids

164
Q

Where does digestion largely occur?

A

Digestion occurs largely in the small intestine.

165
Q

What is the most concentrated source of energy in the diet?

A

Fats

166
Q

What is the key component of lipoproteins?

A

Fats

167
Q

What are sterols? ( overall view)

A

Steroid hormones that are derived from cholesterol and are lipid-soluble molecules

168
Q

What is a Basic material for brain and nerve tissue?

A

Sterols

169
Q

What makes bile?

A

Sterols

170
Q

What can be a source of vitamin D?

A

Sterols

171
Q

What is a fat-related compound?

A

Cholesterol

172
Q

What is produced by the liver?

A

Cholesterol

173
Q

What is cholesterol present in?

A

Present in animal products and lunch meats, egg yolks, fish, shrimp, dairy products.

174
Q

Do Plant foods contain cholesterol?

A

NO

175
Q

What does HDL stand for and do?

A

high-density lipoproteins; Called the “good” cholesterol because it carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver. Your liver then removes the cholesterol from your body.

176
Q

What does LDL stand for and do?

A

low-density lipoproteins; Called the “bad” cholesterol because a high LDL level leads to a buildup of cholesterol in your arteries

177
Q

Energy in nutrients measured in-

A

Kilocalories

178
Q

Carbohydrates yield how many calories per gram?

A

4 calories

179
Q

Proteins yield how many calories per gram?

A

4 calories

180
Q

Fat yield how many calories per gram?

A

9 calories

181
Q

What are vitamins, and what form are they most active in?

A

Organic compounds needed by the body in small

amounts. Most are active in the form of coenzymes.

182
Q

What are vitamins needed for?

A

Needed for metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, and fat.

183
Q

What are vitamins classified as?

A

Classified as water soluble or fat soluble.

184
Q

How are vitamins absorbed?

A

Absorbed through the intestinal wall directly into

bloodstream.

185
Q

What vitamins are Fat Soluble?

A

A,D,E,K

186
Q

What vitamins are Water Soluble?

A

B,C

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