OVERALL REVIEWER Flashcards
categories with no inherent order, gender - male and female
nominal scale
ordered categories but unequal intervals, education level - high school, bachelor’s, master’s
ordinal scale
ordered, equal intervals, but no true zero, iq scores
interval scale
ordered, equal intervals, and has a true zero point, income (zero indicates no income)
ratio scale
- aims to describe characteristics, kind, and quality of a subject, while interpreting and understanding events
- in-depth interviews, focus groups, participants observation, and content analysis of textual data
- depth of understanding
qualitative approach
- tests hypotheses and makes predictions through numerical data
- uses statistical analysis to interpret data and describe events
- cause-and-effect relationship and generalization
- objectivity in results
quantitative approach
- combines both quali and quanti
- comprehensive understanding
- sequential or concurrent design, happens simultaneously
mixed methods approach
correlation research and survey
descriptive research
true-experimental and quasi-experimental
experimental research
examines the relationship between variables
i.e. How can we predict which students might have trouble learning certain kinds of subject matter?
correlation research
gathers data through questionnaires or interviews to describe characteristics
survey
compares two or more groups to identify the cause of differences in outcomes
i.e. Do students behave differently towards their fellow students of different genders?
causal-comparative research
involves random assignment of participants to test cause and effect
experimental research
lacks random assignment but still tests cause and effect
quasi-experimental
the research problem should be achievable (i.e., it can be investigated without expending an undue amount of time, energy, or money)
feasible
the questions should be easily understood by readers (i.e., most people would agree as to what the key words in the question mean)
clear
the questions should be relevant and contribute meaningfully to the research problem. (i.e., it is worth investigating because it will contribute important knowledge about the human condition)
significant
consideration must be given to the welfare of participants involved in the study. (i.e., it will not involve physical or psychological harm or damage to human beings or to the natural or social environment of which they are a part)
ethical
focus on observing, describing, and reporting factors or aspects of the research problem.
i.e. What are the various social media platforms used by Senior High Students?
How many hours students spend on social media per day?
Research Questions for Descriptive Research
aim to determine the relationships among two or more variables in your research problem.
i.e. What is the relationship between the length of hours spent on social media and level of digital literacy of students?
Is there a significant relationship between the type of social media used and the level digital literacy of students?
Research Questions for Correlational Research
attempt to identify the causes of the phenomenon in the context of your research problem. It is also assumed that no control or manipulation of variable has been done in order to cause the effect. It is also understood that the cause of the problem already exists before you conducted your study.
i.e. Is there a difference in the literacy level of students between their cultural and educational family background?
Research Questions for Ex Post Facto Research
suggest that answers to these questions are brought about by manipulation or control of a certain variable during the conduct of the study. These questions provide explanation to the causal relationship of variables.
i.e. Is there a significant difference in the posttest scores of the control group and experimental group?
Research Questions for Experimental and Quasi-experimental Research
specifies the coverage of your study such as variables, population or participant, and timeline.
scope
cites factors of your study that are not included or excluded or those you will not deal in your study.
delimitation
gaining knowledge through direct observation or experimentation
empirical approach
carefully noting phenomena without interference
observation
inquiry that sparks research to understand phenomena
question
an educated guess based on observation, predicting outcomes
hypothesis
controlled procedure to test a hypothesis
experiment
interpreting data to identify patterns, relationships, and trends
analysis
summarizes findings and answers the research question
conclusion
repeating studies to confirm reliability and generalizability
replication
as the object of a research study, must be measured to generate data that can later be analyzed and contribute to additional knowledge
variables
manipulated by the researcher to observe effects, study method - reading, practice tests
independent variable
the outcome measured in response to the independent variable, i.e. exam scores
dependent variable
uncontrolled variables that can affect the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, i.e. sleep patterns in a study on study methods and exam scores
confounding or extraneous variables
represents categories or groups, gender - male, female, non-binary
categorical variable
can take any value within a range, i.e. height, weight, temperature
continuous variable
