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REVIEW > OVERALL REVIEW > Flashcards

OVERALL REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

Unit of all mass

A

Atoms

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2
Q

Positive charge particle

A

Proton

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3
Q

Negative charged particle

A

Electron

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4
Q

Neutral or no charge particle

A

Neutron

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5
Q

Ability to attract iron, cobalt, nickel. Creates or induces dipoles

A

Magnetism

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6
Q

Magnetic fields characterized by own magnetic north and south poles

A

Dipole

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7
Q

Ability to attract or repel magnetic lines of force dependent on magnetic properties of electrons

A

Magnetic susceptibility

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8
Q

Paired electrons. Cancel each other out. Weakly attract or repel. Magnetic susceptibility of most human body tissues

A

Diamagnetic

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9
Q

Positive susceptibility. Attract and repel substances such as gadolinium, Methameglobin, free radicals. Marked reductions in T1 and T2 relaxation times

A

Paramagnetic

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10
Q

Large positive susceptibility. Attract or repel substances such as hemosiderin and super paramagnetic iron oxide. Do not exhibit residual magnetism when external field removed

A

Super paramagnetic

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11
Q

Large positive magnetic susceptibility. Attracts iron and cobalt containing metals. Become magnetized and remain magnetized after being removed from magnetic field

A

Ferromagnetic

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12
Q

Vector quantity. Symbolized by field or flux lines

A

Magnetic fields

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13
Q

Measure flow an area of magnetic field

A

Field or flux lines

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14
Q

Flow of energy, magnetic field flowing from north to south poles

A

Flux

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15
Q

Ability to create work or change

A

Force

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16
Q

Characterized by strength and direction.

A

Vector

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17
Q

Homogeneity of MRI magnet

A

20-30 ppm

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18
Q

Symbol used to illustrate wavelength and frequency of EM energy

A

Sine wave

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19
Q

Distance between two consecutive peaks

A

Wave length

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20
Q

Signal height

A

Amplitude

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21
Q

A sudden loss of superconductivity with explosive boiling off of cryogen

A

Quench

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22
Q

Small electromagnets that are adjusted after installation to correct for inhomogeneities in B0

A

Shim coils

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23
Q

Three pairs of small electromagnets that produce GMF. Perform spatial localization

A

Gradient coils

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24
Q

Small devices place close to the patient’s body to transmit or receive

A

Radio frequency coils

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25
Q

Electromagnetic coils, contain Fringe fields

A

Active shielding

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26
Q

Structural steel within walls of MRI scan room, contain Fringe fields

A

Passive shielding

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27
Q

Spin lattice relaxation, T1 relaxation, regrow the of Mz

A

Longitudinal relaxation

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28
Q

Spin spin relaxation, T2 relaxation, decay of MXY

A

Transverse relaxation

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29
Q

Regrowth of longitudinal magnetization. Time for MZ to recover 63% after 90° RF pulse

A

T1 curve

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30
Q

Decay of transverse magnetization. Time for MXY to fall to 37% after 90° RF pulse

A

T2 curve

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31
Q

A time constant characterizing fast rate of transverse relaxation because of B0 inhomogeneities 

A

T2 star affects

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32
Q

90° RF pulse followed by a 180° RF pulse

A

Spin echo

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33
Q

Less than 90° RF pulse followed by a GMF

A

Gradient echo

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34
Q

180° RF pulse followed by a 90° RF pulse

A

Inversion recovery

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35
Q

To correct for t2* effects

A

Employ 180° RF pulse

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36
Q

Short TR, short TE

A

T1

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37
Q

Long TR, short TE

A

PD

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38
Q

Long TR, long TE

A

T2

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39
Q

Time interval between initial 180° inverting RF pulse and following 90° RF pulse

A

Ti

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40
Q

Large F/A Greater than 45°

A

T1 weighted

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41
Q

Small F/A less than 20°

A

PD weighted 

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42
Q

Medium F/A greater than 20°, less than 45°

A

T2 weighted

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43
Q

Tissues that benefit from proton density image

A

Air/air containing structures, cortical bone

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44
Q

Have very little signal and appear dark, known as flow void

A

Fast blood flow

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45
Q

Have hyperintense signal and appear bright

A

Slow blood flow

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46
Q

Artifact occurs in the Read out/frequency or slice selection axes direction

A

Chemical shift artifact

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47
Q

Effects are more noticeable with longer TE times

A

Eddy currents

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48
Q

How are eddy currents solved

A

Active gradient shielding

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49
Q

Gradient echo pulse sequences are more sensitive to this artifact

A

Magnetic susceptibility artifact

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50
Q

Measured in watts per kilogram

A

SAR

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51
Q

Maximum exposure to head and trunk

A

3 Tesla

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52
Q

Maximum exposure to extremities

A

5 Tesla

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53
Q

Whole body RF no more then

A

0.4 W/KG

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54
Q

Head RF no more than

A

3.2 W/KG

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55
Q

1 g of tissue RF maximum spatial peak of

A

8W/KG

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56
Q

Contains the motor area which directs movement and two areas of speech

A

Frontal lobe

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57
Q

Contains sensory area

A

Parietal lobe

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58
Q

Contains auditory area and all factory lobe concerned with sense of smell

A

Temporel lobe

59
Q

Contains a visual area

A

Occipital lobe

60
Q

Conus medullaris location

A

L1 – L2

61
Q

Aorta bifurcation located

A

L3 – L4

62
Q

Thecal sac location

A

S2

63
Q

A collection of many spinal nerves below the conus medullaris resembles a horse tail

A

Cauda equina

64
Q

Rotator cuff consists of

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

65
Q

Avascular necrosis of lunate of carpal bone. Most common in young adult men

A

Kienbocks disease

66
Q

Cause muscle contractions, cardiac arrhythmias, Mild cutaneous sensation and visual light flashes

A

Time varying magnetic fields (gradient)

67
Q

Orientation of the main magnet in a high field, superconducting, short bore magnet

A

Horizontal

68
Q

Effects of TVMF include

A

Peripheral nerve stimulation, acoustic damage/hearing loss, magneto phosphines

69
Q

The sequence has more of a detrimental effect on patients with regard to TVMF

A

EPI/Echo planar imaging

70
Q

The time it takes for the gradient to reach its full amplitude

A

Gradient rise time

71
Q

Rate of speed of ascent or descent of a gradient from zero to its maximum amplitude

A

Gradient slew rate

72
Q

The time the gradients are on during a TR period

A

Duty cycle

73
Q

Strength of a gradient over a specific distance

A

Slew rate

74
Q

Low energy non-ionizing radiation

A

Radio frequency

75
Q

Expressed in parts per million

A

Magnetic field inhomogeneity

76
Q

More of a concern in fast spin Echo sequences due to multiple Echo train lengths. Potential increase in tissue heating

A

RF heating

77
Q

Technique used to reduce MRI scan time. Requires the use of an array coil

A

Parallel imaging

78
Q

Applying two gradients simultaneously during slice selection with produce an

A

Oblique slice

79
Q

Multiple coil elements combined with multiple receiver channels make

A

Phased array coil

80
Q

Coil construction from innermost to outer

A

RF coil, gradient coil, shim coil, main magnet (RGSM)

81
Q

Purpose of shimming the magnet is

A

To make the B0 field as homogenous as possible

82
Q

Intensity limit for static magnetic field in clinical use is

A

4 Tesla

83
Q

Achieved by lining the scanner room walls with copper

A

RF shielding

84
Q

Magnetic field of a typical scanner

A

Horizontal

85
Q

Accomplished by lining the MR room with steel

A

Passive shielding

86
Q

Super conducting windings within the MR scanner to reduce the Fringe field is defined as

A

Active shielding

87
Q

Posterior to the vertebral body and consists of two pedicles and two laminae

A

Vertebral arch

88
Q

In the lower extremity the medial side is the______and the lateral side is the_______

A

Tibia, fibula (MT, LF)

89
Q

In the upper extremity the medial side is the_______and the lateral side is the_______

A

Radius, ulna (MR, LU)

90
Q

Optimal view for ovaries

A

Coronel

91
Q

Optimal view for uterus

A

Sagittal

92
Q

To correct for Gibbs…

A

Increase phase encodings

93
Q

Contrast in diffusion waited imaging depends on

A

Degree of impairment of molecular mobility (water restriction), Brownian motion, direction of water diffusion

94
Q

The corpus callosum consists of

A

White matter

95
Q

Longer ETL_____scan times

A

Shorten

96
Q

increasing number of ETL can lead to

A

Increase in blurring

97
Q

When gradient echo is selected for fast, breath hold dynamic contrast enhanced imaging of abdomen_______is utilized

A

Spoiling

98
Q

gradient Echo sequences yields_____________

A

T1 or T2* characteristics

99
Q

To null signal from a specific tissue using an inversion recovery sequence, TI should be

A

69% of T1 relaxation of tissue

100
Q

Longer TE provides

A

More T2 contrast, reduced SNR

101
Q

Increased TE _______ # of slices

A

Decreases

102
Q

Increasing TR, ________ SNR and _______ # of slices

A

Increase, increase

103
Q

After application of 90° RF pulse, protons begin to

A

Precess in phase and tip into the transverse plane

104
Q

Increase TR,
Reduce phase matrix,
Increase FOV
Reduce/Narrow receiver bandwidth
Increase NEX/NSA
Reduce ETL

A

Improve SNR

105
Q

Decrease TR
Reduce pixel size
Decrease FOV
Increase/widen receiver bandwidth
Decrease NEX
Increase ETL

A

Negatively impact SNR

106
Q

Reducing FOV will

A

Decrease SNR, but increase spatial resolution

107
Q

Reducing ETL will ________ scan time

A

Increase

108
Q

Increase in TE will _______ SNR

A

Decrease

109
Q

Reducing number of lines filled in k-space will

A

Reduce phase encoding steps
Shorter scan time
Increase SNR
Decrease spatial resolution

110
Q

If phase encodings is increased, SNR

A

Decreases

111
Q

Narrow receiver band will increase _____________

A

Susceptibility artifact
Do not use with metal implants

112
Q

Steep slice select slope and narrow bandwidth yield

A

Thin slice thickness

113
Q

Decrease TR
Increase ETL
Decrease NEX
Enabling half scan
Increasing parallel imaging factor

A

Shorten scan times

114
Q

Increase TR
Decrease ETL
Increase NEX
Decrease parallel imaging factor

A

Lengthen scan times

115
Q

Increasing the flip angle

A

Increases SNR up to the Ernst angle

116
Q

Reducing the flip angle yields images with

A

Less T1 information

117
Q

Reducing the TE yields images with

A

Decreased T2 information

118
Q

Transmit bandwidths will affects the_________

A

Slice thickness; which affects resolution and overall SNR

119
Q

Thin slice thickness is achieved through

A

Steep, high amplitude slice select gradient
Narrow transmit bandwidth

120
Q

Receiver bandwidth affects the

A

SNR & chemical shift

121
Q

Decreasing the receiver bandwidth will

A

Increase chemical shift

122
Q

Collecting low frequency data points in k-space (high amplitude signal) at the start of a scan is known as

A

Elliptic central K space filling

123
Q

During dynamic enhanced imaging, contest is administered and K space is filled with

A

Centric K space

124
Q

TOF MRA use 

A

T1 gradient echoes with TR and FA selections (to suppress signal from tissue and visualize flowing blood)

125
Q

PC MRA use

A

T2 gradient echoes that rely on velocity induced phase shifts

126
Q

ADC
T1/T2 time
Specific proton density
Flow

A

Intrinsic parameters

127
Q

TR
TE
FA
TI
ETL/turbo factor

A

Extrinsic parameters

128
Q

Difference in chemical shift is

A

3.5 ppm

129
Q

T1 time of fat at 1.5 T

A

240 with null point of 160ms

130
Q

The biliary tree does not contain what?

A

Splenic duct

131
Q

Islet cell tumor, scan?

A

Pancreas

132
Q

Pre-saturation band for intracranial arterial

A

Superior

133
Q

Velocity of flowing blood

A

Phase contrast

134
Q

Branches of the abdominal arteries in order from proximal to distal are

A

Celiac
Superior mesenteric
Renal
Inferior mesenteric
(CSRI)

135
Q

Imaging used for hemangiomas

A

Delayed imaging

136
Q

Mitral/bicuspid valve lies between

A

Left atrium and left ventricle

137
Q

Tri cuspid valve separates

A

Right atrium and right ventricle

138
Q

The fastest vessel is the

A

Aortic arch

139
Q

The descending aorta is next to

A

Left atrium

140
Q

Most anterior chamber of the heart

A

Right ventricle

141
Q

Most posterior chamber of the heart

A

Left atrium

142
Q

Coronary arteries originate from

A

Aortic root

143
Q

Collect data continuously during a cardiac cycle

A

Cine sequences

144
Q

Best to evaluate cardiac infarction

A

Perfusion cardiac imaging

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