Over time, places have changed their functions (administrative, commercial, retail and industrial) and demographic characteristics (gentrification, age structure and ethnic composition). Flashcards
economic change
the drift to London is typical for many young graduates in the 21st century, its arisen because of 2 land term changes in the UK;
- the decline of primary and secondary sectors
- the growth of tertiary and quaternary sectors
primary and secondary decline
-in the 1980s, the conservative government planned changes to the Uk economy- often called the old economy.
goods produced by primary and secondary industries in the uk were often more expensive than equivalent goods produced over seas bc of;
- british coal was located deeper underground and was more expensive to mina in many other countries
- uk wages were often higher than those overseas- making British products more expensive, the growth of manufacturing in Asia w cheaper labour costs led to cheap imported goods.
large numbers of manufacturing plants and mines closed during the 1980s creating derelict land. the closure effected the northern England where unemployment increased
tertiary and quaternary sectors grow
- to replace jobs lost in the primary and 2ndry sectors, the government encouraged the growth of the post industrial industry- new economy;
- took place in the tertiary sector- tourism and retail. These areas grew bc of higher incomes and cheaper air travel and increased car ownership. some parts of the uk took to rebrand their past to create a new image. however these jobs are seasonal and low paid and part time.
- quaternary sector, which has shown the fastest growth. the knowledge economy and provides specialised jobs like law finance and IT. they can locate anywhere as they are footloose, they usually locate where tax rates are low and have good transport links and good wifi. Growth in this area has concentrated in the London docklands.
socio economic inequalities
incomes are far higher in London- leads to inequalities in areas such as health and education
socio economic inequalities- regional inequalities
incomes in London are the highest bc;
its the capital, so incomes are higher in senior positions in government, the civil service and major company Has
those who work in docklands have a higher income than average, 58% of jobs in London occur in the three highest income categories. Areas like Yorkshire have the lowest income categories= majority
socio economic inequalities- variations in educational achievement
-london has the highest percentage of a/a* grades and percentage of people with uni degrees. the north east has the lowest. The relationship is linked to employment- those with higher qualifications are likely to live in London.
global changes- local places
every day huge container ships arrive in London gateway Essex and it can cope with the worlds largest containers. in the 1970s container ships signed a death warrant for the original port of London because the thames wasn’t deep enough for the bigger ships. London dock facilities have had to shift further and further downstream. the new facilities are still one of Eustatic largest ports but a lot bigger than old ports, global changes= local places
Londons changing east end
- the last of Londons original east end docs closed in 1981, until the 70s they were uks largest docs.
- living close by were dockworkers and families. they were poorly paid and a lot of housing was social or rented from councils.
- but as container ships became larger , the huge cranes replaced the workers to unload them and the docs fell into disuse. closure led to;
- 1978-83 12000 jobs lost, 60% men were unemployed
- not a good image
re imaging inner cities
-similarly, high unemployment in cities like Manchester, gave inner cities a poor image with little economic potential. the lack of investment led to falls in the quality of living and crime rose.
regenerating London docklands
- 21mk2 of land was available to re image in central London
- the job to deal with dereliction and unemployment went to the LDDC formed in 1981 and its focus was to encourage growth. it bought together;
- architects
- property owners
- construction companies
- investors
- property owners
as long as planning permission was granted by 1991 companies could obtain tax breaks on new buildings- attract investors.
LDDC focused on economic growth, infrastructure and housing
economic growth
- project was in Canary Wharf, now Londons second central business district.
- huge transformation with high rise office buildings replacing docks.
- the idea behind this was to create high earning jobs and that it would generate other jobs in a trickle down effect to poorer communities.
- employment has grown and the east end is no longer as deprived.
infrastructure
- accessability and connectedness have been key to the success of docklands;
- extending the jubilee line
- building new roads
- london city airport
population and housing
docklands population has been reformed ;
- older people have moved out- going to south end on sea and been replaced with a younger generation
housing; in the 1980s gov introduced the right to buy scheme, which gave those living in council estates a right to buy at reduced prices. a lot of the east end housing transformed from public- private sector. lower income people living in social housing have been forced out.
some probs remain- those in poor health are unable to work and are concerntated in low cost social housing- high deprivation- new ham
causes of change
globalisation
employment change
inward migration
causes of change- globalisation
resulted in manufactured goods being made more cheaper overseas. this affected manufacturing in London ad elsewhere.
the container revolution in shipping also badly affected east London. the closure of the port led to internal migration.
population characteristics changed as one population left another replaced them causing a break up of community.
