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Pharmacology C Topics > Outline > Flashcards

Outline Flashcards

1
Q
  1. General considerations of antimicrobial therapy. Disinfectants and antiseptics
A

A. General considerations of antimicrobial therapy:

  • Definitions
  • Mechanisms of action
  • Characteristics of antibiotic therapy
    • Types of therapies
  • The basic conditions of an effective therapy
  • Post-antibiotic effect
    • Relationship of the AUC and MIC
      • MBC
      • MIC
      • Cmax/MIC - Concentration-dependent antibacterial activity
      • T > MIC - Time-dependent antibacterial activity
      • AUC/MIC
  • Combination of antimicrobial agents
  • Indication of prophylactic treatment
    • Surgical prophylaxis
    • Non-surgical prophylaxis
  • Antibacterial spectrum
    • Narrow
    • Extended
    • Broad
  • Complications of antibiotic therapy
    • Hypersensitivity
    • Direct toxicity
    • Superinfection

B. Disinfectants and antiseptics:

  • Features
    • Mechanisms of action of disinfectants
    • General features of disinfectants
  • Alcohols:
    • Types
    • Features
  • Aldehydes:
    • Types
    • Features
  • Phenol and derivatives:
    • Phenol
    • Phenol-derived agents
  • Acids​
  • Halogens
  • Oxidizing agents:
  • Heavy metals
  • Quaternary ammonium compounds (detergents and soaps)​
  • Physical antimicrobial​
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2
Q
  1. Antimycobacterial drugs
A

A. General:

  • Mycobacteria and species

B. Tuberculosis:

  • TB therapy protocols
    • Standard
    • Actively growing bacteria
    • Dormant bacteria
  • Strategies for drug resistance
  • 1st line drugs:
    • Rifampin
    • Isoniazide
    • Pyrazinamide
    • Ethambutol
    • Streptomycin
  • 2nd line drugs:
    • ​Ethionamide
    • Cycloserine
    • Paraminosalicylic acid (PAS)
    • Kinamycin
    • Amikacin
    • Capreomycin
    • Fluoroquinolones
    • Rifabutin
    • Linezolid

C. Leprosy:

  • Drugs
    • Dapsone
    • Rifampine
    • Clofamazine
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3
Q
  1. Antiprotozoal and antihelminthic drugs.
A

A. Antiprotozoal agents:

  • Malaria disease
    • Life cycle of plasmodium
    • Classification of drugs
    • Drugs
      • Chloroquine
      • Quinine, quinidine
      • Mefloquine
      • Primaquine
      • Halofantrine
      • Lumefantrine
      • Pyrimethamine + sulfadoxine
      • Malaron = Atovaquone + proguanil
      • Arteminisin
      • Antibiotics (tetracyclines, Clindamycin, Azithromycin)
  • Amebiasis
    • ​Disease
    • Drugs
      • Idoquinol
      • Diloxanid fuorat
      • Nitroimidazoles (metronidazole, tinidazole)
      • Paromomycin
  • Giardiasis:
    • Disease
    • 1st line drugs:
      • Nitroimidazoles
      • Nitazoxanid
    • 2nd line drugs
      • Paromomycin
      • Nitrofuran
      • Quinacrin
  • Trichomoniasis:
    • ​Disease
    • Drugs
      • Nitroimidazoles
  • Toxoplasmosis:
    • ​Disease
    • 1st line drugs
      • Spiramycine
      • Sulfamethoxazol + Trimethoprim
      • Pyrimethamine + clindamycin + folinic acid
    • 2nd line
      • Pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine + folinic acid
  • Pneumocystis infection:
    • ​Disease
    • 1st line drugs
      • Sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim
    • 2nd line drugs
      • Pentamidine or clindamycin + primaquine or atovaquone
  • Leishmaniasis:
    • Disease
    • Visceral leishmaniasis drugs
      • Amphotericin B
      • Miltefosine
      • Pentamidine
    • Cutaneous leismaniasis drugs
      • Pentamidine
      • Ketoconazole
    • Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis drugs
      • Sodium stibugluconate
      • Meglumin antimoniat
  • Trypanosomiasis:
    • Disease
    • African trypanosomiasis drugs
      • Pentamidine
      • Suramin
      • Melarsoprol
      • Eflornithine
    • South American trypanosomiasis drugs
      • Nifurtimox
      • Benznidazole

B. Antihelminthic agents:

  • Helminths
  • Drug targets
  • Drugs
    • Benzimidazoles: Albendazole, Mebendazole, Tiabendazole
    • Ivermectin
    • Levamisol
    • Pyrantel pamoate
    • Praziquantel
    • Niclosamide
    • Bithionol
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4
Q
  1. Antifungal agents
A
  • Types of fungi
  • Systemic fungal infections
  • Classifications of antifungal drugs
    • Based on mechanism
    • Based on structure

A. Systemic antifungal drugs for systemic infections:

  • Polyenes
    • Drugs
      • Amphotericin B
    • Mechanism of action
    • Spectrum
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Clinical use
    • Adverse effects
  • Antimetabolites
    • Drugs
      • Flucytosine
    • Mechanism of action
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Clinical use
    • Adverse effects
  • Azoles
    • Drugs
      • Imidazoles
        • Clotrimazole
        • Ketoconazole
      • Triazoles
        • ​1st generation: fluconazole, itraconazole
        • 2nd generation: Voriconazole, posaconazole
    • Mechanism of action
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Clinical use
    • Adverse effects
  • Echinocandins
    • Drugs
      • Capsofungin
      • Micafungin
      • Anidulafungin
    • Mechanism of action
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Clinical use
    • Adverse effects

B. Systemic antifungals for mucocutaneous infections:

  • Terbinafin
    • ​Mechanism of action
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Clinical use
    • Adverse effects
  • Griesofulvin
    • ​Mechanism of action
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Clinical use
    • Adverse effects

C. Topical antifungal drugs:

  • Nystatin
    • ​Mechanism of action
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Clinical use
    • Adverse effects
  • Others:
    • Allylamines
      • Terbinafine
      • Naftifin
    • Amorolfine
    • Ciclopirox
    • Azoles
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5
Q
  1. Agents to treat Herpes simplex (HSV), varicella-zoster (VZV) virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Anti-influenza agents
A

A. Viruses:

  • Intro
  • Target of antiviral agents
  • Resistance of antiviral agents

B. Treatment of herpes viruses:

  • Agents for HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV:
    • Acyclovir
      • ​Mechanism of action
      • Pharmacokinetics
      • Clinical use
      • Resistance
      • Adverse effects
    • Valacyclovir
      • ​Mechanism of action
      • Pharmacokinetics
      • Clinical use
    • Penciclovir
      • ​Mechanism of action
      • Administration
      • Clinical use
      • Adverse effects
    • Famciclovir
      • ​Mechanism of action
      • Pharmacokinetics
      • Clinical use
      • Adverse effects
    • Vidarabine (Trifluoruridine, idoxuridine)
    • Brivudin
    • Docosanol
    • Trifuridine
  • Agents for CMV:
    • Ganciclovir and valganciclovir
      • ​Mechanism of action
      • Pharmacokinetics
      • Clinical use
      • Adverse effects
    • Cidofivir
      • Mechanism of action
      • Pharmacokinetics
      • Clinical use
      • Adverse effects
    • Foscarnet
      • Mechanism of action
      • Pharmacokinetics
      • Spectrum
      • Clinical use
      • Adverse effects

C. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection:

  • Ribavirin
    • Mechanism of action
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Spectrum
    • Clinical uses
    • Side effects
  • Palivisumab

D. Anti-influenza agents:

  • Neuraminidase inhibitors
    • ​Zanamivir, Oseltamivir
      • ​Mechanism of action
      • Pharmacokinetics
      • Clinical uses
      • Adverse effects
  • Amantadine
    • Mechanism of action
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Clinical uses
    • Side effects
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6
Q
  1. Antiretroviral agents
A

A. HAART therapy:

  • Overview
  • Indications
  • Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
    • Mechanism
    • Drugs
      • Thymidine analogs
        • Zidovudine
        • Stavudine
      • Cytidine analogs
        • Lamivudine
        • Emtricitabine
      • Purine analogs
        • Didanosine
        • Abacavir
        • Tenofovir
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Clinical use
    • Adverse effects
  • Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs):
    • ​Mechanism of action
    • Drugs
      • 1st generation
        • Nevirapin
        • Efavirenz
        • Delavirdine
      • 2nd generation
        • Etravirin
        • Rilpivirin
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Clinical use
    • Adverse effects
  • Protease inhibitors
    • ​Mechanism of action
    • Drugs
      • Ritonavir
      • Tipranavir
      • Lopinavir
      • Darunavir
      • Atanavir
      • …
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Clinical uses
    • Side effects
  • Inegrase inhibitors
    • ​Mechanism of action
    • Administration
    • Adverse effects
    • Drugs
      • Raltegravir
      • Elvitegravir
      • Dolutegravir
  • Integrase inhibitors
    • ​Mechanism of action
    • Administration
    • Adverse effects
    • Drugs
      • Raltegravir
      • Elvitegravir
      • Dolutegravir
  • Entry inhibitors
    • ​Enfuvirtide
    • Sifuvirtide
    • Ibalizumab
    • Maraviroc
  • Maturation inhibitor
    • Bevirimat
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7
Q
  1. Agents against hepatitis viruses
A
  • Interferons:
    • IFN-alpha2a, IFN-alpha2b:
  • HBV treatment:
    • ​NRTIs
      • Lamivudine
      • Adefovir
      • Entecavir
      • Tenofovir
      • Telbivudine
  • HCV treament:
    • INF alpha
    • Ribavarin
    • NS3 protease inhibitor - e.g. Simeprevir
    • NS5b RNA polymerase inhibitor - Sofosbuvir
    • Non-nucleoside NS5b RNA polymerase inhibitor - Dasabuvir
    • NS5A transcription complex inhibitors - e.g. Daclatasvir
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8
Q
  1. Penicillins
A
  • Mechanism of action
  • Mechanism of resistance
  • General considerations
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Adverse effects
  • Basic penicillins
    • ​Drugs
      • Penicillin G
      • Penicillin V
      • Penamecillin
    • Spectrum
  • Anti-staphylococcal penicillins
    • ​Drugs
      • Methicillin
      • Nafcillin
      • Oxacillin
      • Cloxacillin
      • Dicloxacillin
      • Flucloxacillin
    • Spectrum
  • Aminopenicillins
    • ​Drugs
      • Ampicillin
      • Amoxicillin
    • Spectrum
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Indications
    • Adverse effects
  • Antipseudomonal penicillins
    • ​Drugs
      • Piperacillin
      • Ticarcillin
    • Indications
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9
Q
  1. Cephalosporins
A
  • Classification scheme
  • Common characteristics
  • Mechanism of action and resitance
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Adverse effects
  • 1st generation
    • ​Drugs
      • Parenteral
        • Cefalothin
        • Cefazolin
      • Oral
        • Cephalexin
        • Cephradine
        • Cephadroxil
    • Spectrum
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Clinical use
  • 2nd generation
    • ​Drugs
      • Parenteral
        • Cefoxitin
        • Cefotetan
        • Cefonicid
        • Cefamandol
        • Cefuroxime
      • Oral
        • Cefaclor
        • Fefuroxime axetil
        • Cefprozil
    • Spectrum
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Clinical use
  • 3rd generation
    • Drugs
      • Parenteral
        • Cefotaxime
        • Cefoperazone
        • Ceftriaxone
        • Ceftazidine
        • Ceftizoxime
      • Oral
        • Cefixim
        • Ceftibuten
    • Spectrum
    • Indications
    • Pharmacokinetics
  • 4th generation
    • ​Cefepim
    • Ceftolozon (+ tazobactam)
  • 5th generation
    • ​Ceftarolin fosamil
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10
Q
  1. Carbapenems. Monobactams. Beta-lactamase inhibitors
A

A. Carbapenems:

  • 1st generation
    • Ertapenem
  • 2nd generation
    • Imipenem
    • Meropenem
    • Doripenem
  • Overview
  • Spectrum
  • Mechanism of resistance
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Adverse effects

B. Monobactams:

  • Drug
    • Aztreonam
  • Spectrum
  • Clinical use

C. Beta-lactamase inhibitors:

  • Clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam
  • Combinations
    • Amoxicilline-clavulanic acid
    • Ampicillin-sulbactam
    • Piperacillin-tazobactam
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11
Q
  1. Chloramphenicol. Polymyxins. Antifolate drugs
A

A. Chloramphenicol:

  • Mechanism of action
  • Spectrum
  • Resistance
  • Indications
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Side effects

B. Polymixins:

  • Features
  • Polymixin B
  • Polymixin E

C. Antifolate drugs:

  • Sufonamides:
    • Types
      • Oral absorbable:
        • Medium-acting
          • Sulfamethoxazole
          • Sulfadiazine
        • Long-acting
          • Sulfadoxine
      • Oral non-absorbable
        • Sulfasalazine
      • Topical
        • Sulfacetime
        • Silver sulfadiazine
        • Sulfadimidine
    • Mechanism of action
    • Spectrum
    • Resistance
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Adverse effects
  • Trimethoprim
    • Mechanism of action
    • Spectrum
    • Pharmacokinetics
  • Sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim
    • Spectrum
    • Clinical use
    • Contraindications
  • Sulfadiazine + pyramethamine
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12
Q
  1. Tetracyclines and glycylcyclines
A

A. Tetracyclines:

  • Mechanism of action
  • Drugs (comparison)
    • Short-acting
      • Tetracycline
      • Oxytetracycline
    • Long-acting
      • Doxycycline
      • Minocycline
      • Lymecycline
  • Pharmacokinetics
    • Absorption
    • Distribution
    • Elimination
  • Spectrum/clinical use
  • Resistance
  • Side effects
  • Drug interactions

B. Glycylcyclines:

  • Drugs
    • Tigecycline
  • Mechanism of action
  • Spectrum
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Indications
  • Adverse effects
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13
Q
  1. Aminoglycosides
A
  • Mechanism of action
  • Spectrum
  • Main indications
    • Monotherapy
    • Combination therapy
  • Pharmacokinetics
    • Administration
  • Drugs
    • Neomycin
    • Streptomycin
    • Gentamycin
    • Tobramycin
    • Kanamicin
    • Amikacin
    • Netilmycin
    • Spectinomycin
  • Adverse effects
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14
Q
  1. Quinolones and fluoroquinolones
A
  • Mechanism of action

A. Non-fluorinated quinolones:

  • Drug
    • Nalidixic acid
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Spectrum
    • Resistance
  • Indications
  • Adverse effects

B. Fluoroquinolones:

  • Comparison to non-fluorinated quinolones
  • Pharmacokinetics (2-4 gens)
  • Clinical use
  • Adverse effects
  • 1st generation
    • ​Drug
      • Norfloxacin
    • Spectrum
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Clinical use
    • Adverse effects
  • 2nd generation
    • ​Drugs
      • Cirpofloxacin
      • Ofloxacin
    • Spectrum
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Clinical use
    • Adverse effects
  • 3rd generation
    • ​Drug
      • Levofloxacin
    • Sepctrum
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Clinical uses
    • Adverse effects
  • 4th generation
    • ​Drugs
      • Moxifloxacin
      • Prulifloxacin
    • Spectrum
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Adverse effects
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15
Q
  1. Macrolides. Ketolides
A

A. Macrolides:

  • Drugs
  • Mechanism of action
  • Spectrum
  • Resistance
  • Clinical uses
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Side effects

B. Ketolides:

  • Telithromycin
    • Spectrum
    • Clinical use
    • Pharmacokinetics
  • Adverse effects
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16
Q
  1. Clindamycin. Streptogramins. Oxazolidinones
A

A. Clindamycin:

  • Mechanism of action
  • Antimicrobial spectrum
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Administration
  • Clinical use
  • Side effects

B. Streptogramins:

  • Drugs
    • Streptogramin A: Quinupristin
    • Streptogramin B: Dalfopristin
  • Mechanism of action
  • Spectrum
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Adminsitration
  • Clinical use
  • Adverse effects

C. Oxazolidinones:

  • Drug
    • Linezolid
  • Mechanism of action
  • Spectrum
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Administration
  • Clinical use
  • Adverse effects
17
Q
  1. Glycopeptides. Fusidans. Lipopeptides. Bacitracin. Mupirocin
A

A. Gylcopeptides:

  • Drugs
    • Vancomycin
    • Teicoplanin
    • Dalbavacin
    • Telavacin
  • Mechanism of action
  • Antibacterial spectrum
  • Vancomycin:
    • Indication
    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Adverse effects
  • Teicoplanin
  • Dalbavacin
  • Telavacin

B. Fusidans:

  • Mechanism of action
  • Spectrum
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Indications
  • Adverse effects

C. Lipopeptides:

  • Drug
    • Daptomycin
  • Mechanism of action
  • Spectrum
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Administration
  • Indications
  • Adverse effects

D. Bacitracin:

  • Mechanism of action
  • Spectrum
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Administration
  • Adverse effects

E. Mupirocin:

  • Mechanism of action
  • Spectrum
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Administration
  • Indications
  • Adverse effects
18
Q
  1. Metronidazole. Fidaxomycine. Rifaximin. Urinary antiseptics. Phosphomycine
A

A. Metronidazole:

  • Mechanism of action
  • Spectrum
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Clinical use
  • Adverse effects

B. Fidaxomycine:

  • Mechanism of action
  • Spectrum
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Adverse effects

C. Rfamixin:

  • Mechanism of action
  • Spectrum
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Clinical uses

D. Urinary antiseptics:

  • Nitrofuran
  • Quinolones?

E. Phosphomycine:

  • Mechanism of action
  • Spectrum
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Adverse effects
  • Phosphomyine-trometamol

Pharmacology C Topics (12 decks)

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