Outline 2 Flashcards
What is autonomy in the context of early adolescents?
Making own decisions and taking responsibility for them
How do adolescents who achieve high levels of individuation relate to their families?
They examine their differences yet experience connectedness
What did Erickson believe adolescents must confront to create a mature identity?
Old troubles
What process do adolescents use to experiment with identities according to Erickson?
Imagining possible selves
Who developed a measure of ego identity that allows empirical testing of Erickson’s theories?
Marcia
What does being in moratorium mean in Marcia’s identity development theory?
Conflict over issues of identity formation without commitment
Define identity diffusion according to Marcia.
Not seeing the importance of choosing one path over another
What is carefree diffusion?
Having too much fun where they are
What characterizes identity foreclosure?
Adopting parents’ values and career path without question
What does identity achieved mean?
Arriving at identity after searching options that best fit
What contributes to the development of a self-concept in adolescents?
Capacity for self-reflection
What is acculturation in the context of minority adolescents?
External behaviors become less distinct from the majority culture
What characterizes the internalization of ethnic identity formation?
Appreciating oneself and others as individuals
Marcia’s stage of moratorium corresponds with which aspect of identity?
Ethnic identity search
What type of parenting style is associated with higher self-esteem in adolescents?
Authoritative parenting
What is authoritarian parenting characterized by?
Using commands like ‘because I said so’
Define neglectful parenting.
Leaving children alone to do whatever they want
What is indulgent parenting?
Using little punishment and making few demands while being warm
What can result from families avoiding discussions of sensitive issues?
Low ego development for kids
What is the most common source of parent-adolescent conflict?
Everyday and personal issues
What role do older siblings typically take on?
Caretaker, model, friend
How do males and females differ in their views of relationships?
Males view relationships as static; females see them as dynamic
What does defining oneself as male entail according to Ruthellen & Josselson?
Identification with men whom you never have met
How long does it typically take for life to even out after a divorce?
Approximately 2 – 3 years
What percentage of adolescents do not experience serious problems after their parent’s divorce?
75%
When are remarriages most likely to be successful?
When kids are younger than 10 or older than 15
What is a better approach for stepparents?
Support biological parent’s discipline while building trust
What were the most important predictors of adolescents’ adjustment after divorce?
Closeness with the custodial parent and monitoring of activities
Who experiences greater conflict, stepsiblings or biological siblings?
Stepsiblings
What do parents believe about their influence on adolescent friendships?
They should have some influence over friend choices
Why is gossiping important to preadolescents?
It affirms the norms of the group
What is a common characteristic of early and mid-adolescent friendships?
Friendships are often with peers of the same gender
What is self-disclosure in adolescent friendships?
Sharing personal information and receiving support
What is closely associated with increased levels of self-esteem in adolescents?
- Parental support
- High ideal self-image
- Having a few good friends
How do adolescents who are close to their parents relate to their friends?
They have closer relationships with their friends
What is the focus of early adolescent boy friendships?
Shared activities
What change occurs in girls’ friendships by middle adolescence?
More discussions of feelings
What do friendships in late adolescence focus on?
Personalities
At what age range does dating typically occur?
Between 12 – 16 years old
Who typically starts dating earlier, boys or girls?
Girls
What allows adolescents to test out dating possibilities at a safe distance?
Having a crush
Compared to girls, how much time do adolescent boys spend talking about feelings?
Less time
What do popular adolescents learn to do?
Discover what the group is doing before joining in
What contributes significantly to a girl’s popularity?
Being a social leader
How does a secure ethnic identity influence adolescents’ views?
They regard adolescents from other cultures more positively
What is a clique in the context of adolescent social groups?
A group of 3 to 10 members usually of the same age, sex, class, & ethnic background
What is the primary function of a crowd in adolescent social dynamics?
To move adolescents from same-sex groups to mixed-sex groups
What do adolescents do in crowds to develop social skills?
Try out social skills and receive feedback from their cliques
