Outcomes of the 1911 Revolution Flashcards
Three Principles of the People
- Nationalism: domination by foreign powers had to end
- People’s Livelihood: improve welfare of working ppl
- Democracy: republic w a popularly elected president and parliament
- 3 phases for transiotion
3 yrs mil dictatorship to establish stability
6 yr tutelage period where demo procedures would be explained and trailed
After 9 yrs mil dict = disbanded
Key events of the Xinhai Revolution (1911)
- Sept 1905 Sun brought together coalition of revolutionary groups in Rev Alliance -> 1908 and 1911 ¾ major anti-Manchu rebellions sponsored by Rev Alliance h/w x succeed
- 10th Oct 1911 bomb being assembled by New Army exploded prematurely -> soldiers lost connections to Rev Alliance – radicalised by rev journals and had already been planning uprising = when Qing authorities come to investigate they rebel and take control of entire Hubei province
- W.in 6 weeks – 24 provinces declare indep and Sun on return to Ch becomes provisional pres on 1st jan 1912
- Yuan Shikai (late 1911) called to imperial service to fight against rev – agreed to do so if granted position in new govt cabinet + negotiated w revolutionaries and wanted to be pres of new rev govt -> Yuan secured abdication of Qing emp and Yuan became pres
Strengths and Weaknesses of Yuan Shikai’s leadership
STRENGTHS = Modernisation projects: Reforming legal system, suppressing opium farming, encouraging primary edu, centralised currency, new farming methods
Strengthened influence over provinces by appointing loyal mil commanders as provincial governors
WEAKNESSES = Not interested in creating a demo republic (motivated by ambition)
June 1912 - pressured 4 GMD members to reign - replaced with yes men
Reorganisation loan $100mil from foreign banks
4 Nov 1913 = banned GMD/Jan 1914 dissolved national + provincial parliments
May 1914 = lengthened term limits 2 10yrs
Agreed to 21 Demands
1st Jan 1916 = declared himself Emp
What challenges did the GMD face in its attempts to limit the authority of Yuan Shikai?
Didn’t meet the objectives of the three principles of the people
Song’s limited power as prime minister - x threat to Shikai
Attempts to impeach Yuan during signing of reorganisation loan -> parliament surrounded by Yuan’s troops
2nd Rev = July 1913 one month post Jiangxi declaring independence, 6 provinces rebelling h/w Yuan put down rebellion -> Sun Yixian and other leaders fleeing
What happened to central political authority following the death of Yuan Shikai?
Revealed the limitations to Xinhai Revolution
3 PoP x fulfilled + militarists and gentry maintained the authority and the old economic and social structures remained in place
Post death = central authority fragmented, China divided into areas of control by warlords, Tibet and Mongolia declared independence
Leadership = unstable w leaders changing every 10 yrs
Warlords had autonomous control over their regions
What was the nature and purpose of the New Culture Movement
Mid 1910s – sort to create new cultural identity for China
Inspired by increase in nationalistic feelings, political fragmentation and the decline of Confucian influences + western ideas (socialism demo feminism)
Trying to discover what is meant to be Chinese in a time where Ch was fragmented by foreign powers
Hu Shi: “it is to recreate civilisation”
Motivated by the failure of the republican revolution to bring peace and national unity
Young ppl began to question Ch place in world
Question Confucian traditions – they were holding Ch back pol and soc
Find new writing styles
Examine China’s future - what would it look like
Many members went on to create the CCP
Why did anti-imperialist feelings increase as an expression of the May Fourth Movement
Three PoP instilled idea of independence and no foreign intervention - hadn’t yet occurred due to Shikai’s actions
May 1919 – students in Beijing preparing for Day of Shame protests on 7th May
-Received news about ToV -> Ch pushing for foreign interference in Ch to decrease/increased self-determination h/w national govt made secret agreement in 1918 to give Ger concessions to Jap
Popular reaction from ppl in China -> Day of Shame protests being brought forward 2 May 4th = 3000 students gathering at the Gate of Heavenly Peace in Tiananmen Square
30 students arrested -> protests in support of the students broke out across cities = 1 mth 20 provinces, towns, cities held strikes/protests
What led to the founding of the CCP?
- Frustration and disillusionment increased among young intellectuals at liberal politics of the West, following Ch treatment at ToV
- Looking to Ru for inspiration -> strengthened in July 1919 when Karakhan Manifesto claimed Sov would renounce imperialist claims in Ch
- Ru communists keen to engage w Ch -> formation of Comintern in March 1919
- July 1920 = comintern agent arrives in Ch with aim of creating Ch communist party – meeting with Li Dazhoa and Chen Duxiu leads to creation of communist cells across all of Ch
- July 1921 12 delegates from cells across Ch and Jap meet for First National Party Congress of the Chinese Communist Party w Mao attending = first official birth of the CCP
