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NMED 270 - QC1 > Outcome 6 - Planar Gamma Camera > Flashcards

Outcome 6 - Planar Gamma Camera Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three routine QC?

A
  1. peaking
  2. uniformity flood
  3. spatial resolution
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2
Q

what is peaking?

A

ensuring that the RN used has its photopeak centred in the PHA

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3
Q

when do we peak?

A

ideally, every morning FOR EACH isotope BEING USED THAT DAY

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4
Q

what is auto peaking?

A

where the user doesn’t have to do anything and the equipment auto-tracks and finds the window appropriately on its own

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5
Q

is variance day-to-day normal for peaking? if so, why?

A

it is normal
it is due to the fact that there could be high voltage supply fluctuations

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6
Q

peaking can only be done extrinsically. t/f

A

false.
it can be done both intrinsically and extrinsically

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7
Q

during peaking, the source must be exposed to (part of/the entire) FOV.

A

source must be exposed to the entire FOV

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8
Q

for dual headed systems, variance between the heads shouldn’t occur. t/f

A

false.
variance can occur but not more than a few keV

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9
Q

uniformity flood

A

evaluating the field uniformity
(is the camera displaying a uniform flux of photons?)

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10
Q

which qc is the most sensitive indicator for camera performance and stability?

A

uniformity flood

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11
Q

for flooding, in terms of collimator use, extrinsically means? intrinsically means?

A

extrinsically = collimator on
intrinsically = collimator off

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12
Q

for flooding, in terms of source use, extrinsically uses? intrinsically uses?

A

extrinsic = fillable liquid flood or solid Co-57 source
intrinsic = small point source (~37 MBq)

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13
Q

during intrinsic uniformity floods, how far should the source be placed?

A

at least 5x the largest camera dimension
BUT 2m is sufficient

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14
Q

during extrinsic uniformity floods, how far should the source be placed?

A

can be placed directly on the collimator
or 10-15 cm above

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15
Q

what matrix size do we use for uniformity flood?

A

256 x 256

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16
Q

how many counts for intrinsic uniformity floods?

A

5-10M

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17
Q

how many counts for extrinsic uniformity floods?

A

10M

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18
Q

consideration for uniformity flood,
frequent test (whether it is intrinsic or extrinsic), the other is done on a less frequent basis. What is the frequency?

A

weekly or monthly

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19
Q

what is wrong with using a plexiglass phantom for uniformity floods?

A

it has issues with filling, air bubbles and has a tendency to bulge

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20
Q

what is the frequency of doing uniform floods with RNs that is also used on the camera?

A

at least quarterly

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21
Q

what does doing uniform floods with RNs that is also used on the camera verify?

A
  1. uniformity of the system with these RNs
  2. checks isotope-specific uniformity correction maps
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22
Q

can uniformity be evaluated qualitatively as well as quantitatively?

A

yes.

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23
Q

qualitative eval of uniformity

A

visually looking at the image for structured patterns and artifacts

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24
Q

quantitative eval of uniformity

A
  1. integral uniformity
  2. differential uniformity
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25
Q

we want results from the quantitative eval of uniformity to be under what %?

A

5%

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26
Q

integral uniformity

A

searches entire flood
max and min ct/pixel values

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27
Q

what do higher numbers in an integral uniformity indicate?

A

worsening uniformity

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28
Q

differential uniformity

A

searches short segments of the flood
highest/lowest ct/pixel values in a 5-pixel segment

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29
Q

UFOV (useful field of view)

A

95% of exposed crystal face

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30
Q

CFOV (central field of view)

A

center 75% of the UFOV

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31
Q

integral uniformity formula

A

(max cts/pixel - min cts/pixel)/(max cts/pixel + min cts/pixel) * 100%

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32
Q

differential uniformity formula

A

(high - low)/(high+low) * 100%

33
Q

what results are desirable for integral uniformity? is it different for spect imaging?

A

between 1-5%
SPECT - ≤ 3%

34
Q

which QC is considered semi qualitative?

A

spatial resolution due to the finite bar widths

35
Q

how do we perform a spatial resolution QC?

A

with a four-quadrant bar phantom

36
Q

how do we determine that spatial resolution is good in both X + Y directions?

A

by rotating the 4-quad bar phantom 3 times (180d, flip, then another 180d)
**imaged 4 times

37
Q

is spatial resolution done extrinsic or intrinsic?

A

can be done either ex or in.

38
Q

frequency for spatial reso test?

A

weekly

39
Q

describe the procedure for intrinsic spatial reso.

A
  • collimator off
  • phantom placed on the detector
  • Tc-99m point source centred over phantom
40
Q

what count rate is required for intrinsic spatial reso?

A

10,000 to 40,000 cps
(3 to 5M count image acquired)

41
Q

what matrix size is used for intrinsic spatial reso?

A

512 x 512

42
Q

describe the procedure for extrinsic spatial reso.

A
  • collimators on
  • sheet source on collimator
  • 4-quad bar phantom on top of sheet source
43
Q

moire pattern

A

interference pattern that results when the width of the bars approach the collimator hole diameter

44
Q

moire pattern more common in?

A

high sensitivity and med/high energy collimators

45
Q

linearity

A

ability to produce a straight line

46
Q

deviation in linearity of 0.4mm may produce non-uniformities of?

A

8%

47
Q

what is used to evaluate linearity?

A

bar phantom

48
Q

what are some non-routine QC tests?

A
  1. pixel size determination
  2. sensitivity check
  3. collimator integrity
  4. multiple-window spatial registration
  5. count rate capabilities
49
Q

how is pixel size determination done?

A
  • with two 10 cm lines drawn in a right angle on a cardboard + drop of activity is placed at the ends of each line
  • put cardboard on camera, aligning the lines with the x + y axes
  • draw count profiles to include both point sources at ends of one of the lines and repeat with the second line
  • distance between 2 peaks measured in pixels = 10 cm
50
Q

sensitivity check is done (extrinsically/intrinsically)

A

extrinsically

51
Q

how are sensitivity checks done?

A
  • 1-2mCi Tc-99m diluted to 3mm depth in a petri dish
  • 10 count measurements performed at 60 secs each + one 60 sec background
52
Q

how are sensitivity checks expressed?

A

cpm/uCi

53
Q

sensitivity checks expresses the sensitivity of the _____ opposed to system

A

collimator

54
Q

frequency of sensitivity checks

A

quarterly or semi-annually

55
Q

residual measurement of activity is needed for sensitivity checks. what is that?

A

when you measure your syringe with the activity initially, empty it into the Petri dish and then measure the syringe again.
this is to see how much you actually transferred into the dish

56
Q

sensitivity checks need to reproduced (varying/same) conditions each time

A

same conditions

57
Q

in multi-head systems, no more than ___% difference in sensitivity between heads.

A

5%

58
Q

collimator integrity

A

ensures gamma rays entering crystal are essentially parallel

59
Q

how do we perform the collimator integrity test?

A
  • taping the source to wall (should be 20 ft away from camera)
  • reposition source to check entire collimator face
60
Q

how many counts in the image do we need to acquire for collimator integrity?

A

1-2.5M

61
Q

frequency of collimator integrity testing

A

monthly, quarterly or biannually

62
Q

good results for a collimator integrity test?

A

radially symmetric area of activity

63
Q

Multi-window spatial registration

A

checking to see if events in all windows are being assigned to the same location

64
Q

how is multi-window spatial registration done?

A
  • 4 drops of multi-energy isotope on a cardboard phantom
  • imaging each window separately
  • subtracting the resulting images from each other
65
Q

frequency of multi-window spatial registration test

A

3-6 months

66
Q

isotopes used for multi-window spatial registration

A

In-111 or Ga-67

67
Q

count rate capabilities

A

dead time measurement and done during acceptance testing

68
Q

how is count rate capabilities tested?

A

two-source method
- determination of count rate of source 1 alone, source 2 alone and source 1 + 2 combined in a phantom that simulates tissue scattering

69
Q

NEMA standards

A

measures of performance + methods used for eval/comparing gamma cameras to one another

70
Q

acceptance testing

A
  • verifies that the system installed meets the vendor specifications
  • verifies proper environment (temp, airflow, electric power)
71
Q

benchmark testing

A

done immediately after institution accepts the camera + after major service
all routine QC tests performed and gives standard to what future qc is compared to

72
Q

you can look for signs of crystal hydration by performing?

A

off-peak flood analysis

73
Q

test that determines the size of a single pixel within the FOV with 10cm lines drawn at a right angle?

A

pixel size determination

74
Q

how many images must be acquired to ensure spatial resolution is good in both X + Y directions?

A

4 images

75
Q

test where point source is taped to wall to see radially symmetric area of activity across collimator face?

A

collimator integrity

76
Q

test which is essentially a dead-time measurement

A

count rate capabilities

77
Q

uniformity flood should have at least

A

2-6M counts

78
Q

Done upon camera installation and verifies that the system installed meets the vendor specifications.

A

Acceptance testing

79
Q

types of tests must be performed before cameras can leave the factory and are deemed “minimum acceptable standards”

A

NEMA standards

NMED 270 - QC1 (6 decks)

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