Outcome 5-Musculoskeletal Flashcards
Functions of bones
Shape
support
protection
movement
electrolyte balance
blood production
acid-base balance
Function of the skeletal System
Supporting soft tissues
protection
serve as levers to produce movement
Classifications of bones by shape
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
Long bones
Greater in length than width
- femur
- tibula
- arm
Short bones
Acute shape, equal in length and Width
- bones in WRIST and TARSAL
Flat bones
Generally thin
- rib cage
Irregular bones
Complex shapes
-vertebrae/spine
-frontal bone/skull
Sesamoid bones
Bones in the knee
- patella
Parts of a long bone
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Articular Cartilage
Medullary cavity
Endosteum
Periosteum
Epiphysis
End part of a long bone
Diaphysis
Shaft of central part of a long bone
Articular cartilage
Tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints
Medullary cavity
Centre of the bone,
Hallow part of bone that contain bone marrow
Endosteum
Lining INSIDE of the bone
Periosteum
Lining OUTSIDE of the bone
Three types bone cells
Osteoblasts- help form bone
Osteoclasts- dissolve unwanted or healthy bones
Osteocytes- mature osteoblasts that dissolve bone and deposit new bone
- contribute to bone maintenance and the regulation of calcium and phosphate in the blood
Compact bone locations
Shafts of long bones
Outer surfaces of bones
Cancellous (spongy) bone locations
Ends of long bones
Middle of most other bones
Compact bone anatomy
Osteon
Lamellae
Volkmanns canals
Lacunae
Canaliculi
Osteon
basic structural unit of bone composed of the lamellae and Haversian canal
Lamellae
compact bone in layers arranging in rings around a Haversian canal
- blood vessels and nerves pass through the Haversian canals
Volkmann’s canals
Horizontal/transverse passageways that connect the Haversian canals
- transports blood and nutrients from the bones exterior to the oseocytes
Lacunae
Moon shaped
Gaps between the rings of the lamellae that contains osteocytes
Canaliculi
Microscopic passageways that connect the lamellae to each other
What is Endochondral ossification?
The process of cartilage turning to bone during fetal development
Where does bone lengthening occur?
Epiphyseal plate
Epiphyseal line
A line of spongy bone where the epiphyseal plate ‘closes’ and bone growth stops
When we grow to our maximum length
Three main parts of a Joint
Fibrous joints (synarthroses)
- not movable
- connects bone with dense fibrous connect tissue
Ex: Skull
Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses)
-slightly movable
- unite bones cartilage
Ex: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
Synovial joints (diarthroses)
- freely movable
-mostly found in limbs
Ex: Elbow, Hip joint
Synovial joint structure
Joint capsule
Synovial membrane; linking the synovial fluid
Joint cavity; little space
Articular cartilage; end of the bone
Ligaments
Types of Synovial joints
Ball-and-socket;( when we throw the ball we move our shoulder)
Humerus, scapula
Pivot; Atlas top vertebra, Axis second vertebra
Hinge; Humerus, Radius, Ulna
Condyloid; Radius, scaphoid
Saddle; first metacarpal of thumb, trapezium
Gliding joint; Tarsal metatarsals
Flexion
Extension
Hypertension
Involves bending a joint
- increasing
- decreasing
- extreme extension
Abduction
Movement of body part AWAY from the midline
Adduction
Movement of body part TOWARDS the midline
Circumduction
Distal end of an appendage such as the arm or leg moving in CIRCLES
Internal rotation
When a bone spins towards the body’s midline
Ex: turning your foot towards the body’s midline
External rotation
When a bone spins away from the body’s midline
Ex: turning your foot away from the midline
Dorsiflexion
Involves moving the toes or foot UPWARDS
Supination
Movement that turns the palm upwards
Pronation
Movement that turns the palm downward
Inversion
A foot movement that turns the sole medially, towards the other foot
Eversion
A foot movement that turns the sole laterally, away from the other foot
Protraction
Moves a part for naw part forward
Retraction
Moves a part backwards
Planter flexion
Involved moving the toes or foot DOWNWARD
Axial skeleton
Central, Supporting axis
Made up of bones in your head, neck, back and chest
Appendicular skeleton
Bones of the limbs, pelvic, and shoulder areas
Made up of everything else, the bones that attach to your axial skeleton like your pelvis, limbs, arms, hands, legs, feet
8 bones of the cranium/skull
Parietal bone (x2)
Occipital bone
Temporal bones (x2)
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Parietal bones
Both Left and right
Top and sides of the cranium
Occipital bone
Posterior bone/rear of the skull
Temporal bones
Both left and right
At the sides of your skull
Frontal bone
Forms the forehead and the root of the eye sockets
Ethmoid bone
Walls of the eye sockets(orbit)
the upper part of the nose and walls of the nasal cavity
Sphenoid bone
Key part of the cranial floor as well as the floor and sides of the eye socket
Hyoid bone
the only bone that does not connect to another bone
Attachment point for the muscles of the tongue mandible and larynx
Face bones
Maxilla- upper jaw
Mandible- lower jaw
Zygomatic bones- cheeks
Auditory ossicles + the order
MIS
- Malleus(hammer) attached to the ear drum
- Incus(anvil) in the middle of the chain of bones
- Stapes(stirrup) attached to the membrane-covered opening that connects the middle ear with the inner bone(oval window)
Paranasal sinuses
All come in pairs:
Sphenoid
Frontal
Ethmoid
Maxillary
Vertebral column
Cervical- 7
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar-5
Sacrum-5 (fused)
Coccyx-4 (fused)
T/F Ribs attach directly to the sternum using costal cartilage
True
T/F Ribs attach to the cartilage of rib 7
False
Acromian process
The extension that articulates (joins) with the clavicle
Caracoid process
Point of attachment for some of the arm muscles
Glenoid cavity
Shallow socket that articulates with the head of the humerus
Three main features of the Scapula
Acromion process
Coracoid process
Glenoid cavity
What does the Humerus consists of?
•Humeral Head- enlarged end that joins the scapula
•Okecranon fossa- depression on the posterior side
Ulna
Side on the pinky
•Olecranon process- proximal end of the ulna
- the bony part of the elbow that slides into the olecranon fossa when the arm is extended
Radius
Found on the same side of the arm as the thumb
•Proximal radial head- disk that rotates on the humerus when you turn your hand
•Radial tuberosity- point of attachment for the biceps muscle
•Styloid process- the bumps at the bottom of the radius and the ulna at the wrist
Wrist/hand bones
Carpals- bones of the wrist
Metacarpals- bones of the hands
Phalanges- bones of the fingers/thumb
Pelvic girdle (3 bones)
(Three bones fused together)
Ilium
Ishium
Pubis
Features/landmarks
•Iliac crest- the upper, outer edge of the ilum
•Acetabulum- the depression that holds the femur (forming the hip socket)
•Ischial tuberosity- the bottom of the pelvis that supports your body when sitting
What does the Femur consist of?
The longest and strongest bone
•Head- the rounded portion that fits into the acetabulum
•Neck- top portion below the head
•Greater and Lesser trochanters- bony projections where muscles attach
•Medial and Lateral Epicondyle- widest point at the knee
Parts of the Lower leg bones
•Fibula - smaller bone on the outside that helps stabilize
•Tibia- larger bone that bears the weight
Bones of the ankle/foot
Tarsal- bones of the ankle
Metatarsals- bones of the foot
Phalanges- bones of the toes
