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unit 1 and 2 phycology > outcome 1-What influences psychological development? > Flashcards

outcome 1-What influences psychological development? Flashcards

1
Q

What is phycological development

A

An individual’s cognitive, emotional and social growth over time.

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2
Q

what are hereditary factors (nature)

A

Factors that influence development, which are genetically passed down from biological parents to their children.
Genes, which are passed down from a biological parent to their child, influence psychological development.
Individuals can be born with a genetic predisposition to certain personality traits, temperaments or even disorders.

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3
Q

What are environmental factors (nurture)

A

Factors from an individual’s physical or social surroundings that influence development.
Our environment is everything outside of us; our physical and social surroundings.
For example: our family relationships, the posters on our walls, the schools we go to, our culture etc.

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4
Q

How do nature and nurture interconnect

A

Most traits result from a combination of both the hereditary factors people receive from their biological parents and the environment that they grow up in.

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5
Q

what is the biopsychosocial model?

A

A holistic framework for understanding the human experience in terms of the influence of biological, psychological and social factors.

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6
Q

What does the biophysiological model reflect?

A

The biopsychosocial model reflects how biological, psychological and social factors interact to influence psychological development and wellbeing.
The model helps us to better understand what influences health, wellbeing and development, and how to treat problems that arise.

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7
Q

what are biological factors?

A

Genetic and/or physiologically based factors.

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8
Q

What are phycological factors?

A

Factors relating to a person’s mind, thoughts or feelings.

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9
Q

What are social factors?

A

Factors relating to a person’s relationship or external environment.

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10
Q

Applying a biopsychosocial approach to mental wellbeing

A

Biological, psychological and social factors interact to negatively impact or improve our mental wellbeing.
Mental health professionals must address biological, psychological and social factors in order to adequately support and treat mental wellbeing concerns.

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11
Q

what is psychological development over the lifespan?

A

The process of psychological development is unique to each person and continues throughout all stages of life.

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12
Q

What is emotional devleopment?

A

Emotional development (n.)
The continuous, life-long development of skills that allow individuals to control, express, and recognise emotions in an appropriate way.

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13
Q

What influences emotional development?

A

Our emotional development in life is impacted by our attachment to primary caregivers in infancy.
Seeking attachment is innate – we are born with the ability and desire to form attachments.
Our attachment in infancy impacts our attachment to others later in life

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14
Q

Who is harry harlow and what did he determine?

A

Harry Harlow (1958) determined that attachment is formed based on physical touch and contact comfort rather than nutrition.

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15
Q

what are the 3 attachment styles Bowlby & Ainsworth categorized and classified.

A

secure, insecure avoidant, insecure resistant.

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16
Q

what is secure attachments Impact on later emotional development
?

A

Able to form healthy and strong emotional bonds and relationships.
Independent and self-sufficient.
High levels of self-esteem and resilience.

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17
Q

What is insure avoidant attachments Impact on later emotional development?

A

May find it difficult to form strong bonds and be intimate with others.
Tends to ignore or dismiss their own emotions.
Avoids depending on others and asking for help.

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18
Q

What is insure resistant attachments Impact on later emotional development?

A

May heavily depend on others for support.
Seeks others to ‘complete them’.

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19
Q

What is cognitive development?

A

The development of mental processes over the lifespan.
How we think develops as we age, and our mental processes become more sophisticated and more abstract.

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20
Q

What is Gibson & Walk (1960) – visual cliff experiment

A

Cognitive development starts at a very young age.
From infancy, we have already developed depth perception.

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21
Q

what is Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

A

As we age, we move from concrete thinking to symbolic thinking.

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22
Q

What are the two processes involved in Jean Piaget’s theory?

A

Assimilation – taking in new information and fitting it into an existing mental idea (schema).
Accommodation – changing an existing mental idea in order to fit new information

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23
Q

What is included in the preoperational stage (2–7 years)

A

Ego-centrism (n.)Being unable to see things from someone else’s perspective.

Animism (n.)Believing that all objects have some kind of consciousness.

Centration (n.)Only focusing on one quality or feature of an object at a time.

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24
Q

What is included in the Concrete operational stage (7–12 years)?

A

Conservation (n.)Understanding that an object does not change its volume, mass or area, even if its shape or appearance changes.

Classification (n.)Ability to organise information into categories based on common features.

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25
How do you evaluate Piaget's theory?
Although some aspects of Piaget’s theory have been tested, his theory is heavily criticised due to the methods he used to develop it.
26
What is social development
Social development (n.) The development of certain skills, attitudes, relationships and behaviours that enable an individual to interact with others. Our social relationships are influenced by who we are (e.g. our personality), and who we are is also influenced by our social relationships. Social development is complex as our nature and nurture interact to influence our social relationships. Throughout our lives, we learn: morals and values rules our role in our family, class, job, wider society
27
What is Erikson’s (1963) Psychosocial development theory?
Infant Trust: infants needs are reliably meet vs mistrust. Toddler Autonomy :Encouraged to make choices independently vs shame and doubt Preschooler Initiative: independent plans encouraged vs guilt Primary school ager Proud of performances vs inferiority Adolescent Identity: Strong belief of self vs role confusion Young adult Intimacy Can from strong relationships vs isolation Middle age Generativity: contributed to others' wellbeing vs stagnation Older adult integrity: Satisfied reflection of life vs despair
28
what is a sensitive period
Sensitive period (n.) Period of development in which it is optimal to learn a specific function or skill. As we grow, our brain creates connections so that we can learn (a process known as ‘synaptic plasticity’). In a sensitive period of development, these connections are made more easily. Learning can take place outside of the sensitive period, but will need more time and effort. Applies to skills such as walking, talking, social skills etc.
29
What is a Critical period?
Critical periods are very narrow and rigid developmental periods in which a specific function or skill must be learnt.
30
What is is typical behaviour?
An activity that is consistent with how an individual usually behaves.
31
What is atypical behaviour?
An activity that is unusual or unnatural according to how an individual usually behaves.
32
What is the criteria for defining behvaiour?
What is defined as typical for an individual can be influenced in many ways. It is important to consider the following, when determining if a behaviour is typical or not: Cultural perspectives Social norms Statistical rarity Personal distress Maladaptive behaviour
33
what do cultural perspective and social norms involve.
Cultural perspectives and social norms involve: different customs, beliefs, and traditions expectations for how people should behave attitudes towards psychological development and mental health What is typical in one culture or society may not be typical in another.
34
What is statically rarity?
Statistical rarity (n.)Something that lies outside the range of statistical normality and is also unusual enough to be considered significant.
35
What is personal distress?
A negative and self-oriented emotional reaction.
36
What is maladaptive behaviour?
An action that impairs an individual’s ability to meet the changing demands of their everyday life.
37
what are the approaches to defining normality?
The socio-cultural approach The functional approach The historical approach The statistical approach The situational approach
38
What is normality?
Normality/normal (n.) The state of having thoughts, feelings and behaviours considered common and acceptable.
39
What is the socio-cultural approach?
People perceive things as normal according to a particular set of codes relating to the social and cultural context that they are part of.
40
What is the functional approach?
People are considered normal if their thoughts, feelings, and behaviours allow them to cope with the demands of everyday lives.
41
What is neurotypicality?
A term used to describe individuals who display expected neurological and cognitive functioning.
42
What is neurodiversity?
Variations in neurological development and functioning, such as those experienced by individuals with Autism or ADHD.
43
What is the historical approach?
What people perceive as normal changes throughout different historical periods.
43
What is the statical approach?
Normality is based on how the majority of people think, feel, and behave. 
44
What is the situational approach?
Normality is based on what is acceptable in different contexts.
45
What is being adaptive?
Being able to adjust to the environment appropriately and function effectively.
46
What is being maladaptive?
Being unable to adjust to the environment appropriately and function effectively.
47
What is adaptive development?
Adaptive thoughts allow you to get the most out of life, while maladaptive thoughts may prevent someone from engaging effectively with the external environment. Adaptive behaviours enable individuals to manage different environments. Being able to regulate and express emotions effectively is adaptive.
48
What is neurodiversity?
Variations in neurological development and functioning across groups, such as those experienced by individuals with Autism and ADHD.
49
What is neurodivergent?
Individuals who have a variation in neurological development and functioning.
50
what is autism?
A neurodevelopmental condition characterised by impaired social interactions, verbal and non-verbal communication difficulties, narrow interests, and repetitive behaviour.
51
What is ADHD?
A neurological condition characterised by persistent inattention or hyperactivity that disrupts social, academic, or occupational functioning.
52
What is dyslexia?
A neurologically based learning difficulty manifested as severe challenges in reading, spelling, writing words, and sometimes in arithmetic.
53
What are mental health professionals?
There are a variety of mental health professionals that support mental wellbeing and psychological development, including nurses, social workers, psychiatrists, psychologists, and organisations.
54
What is a physiatrist and what do they do?
A doctor who specialises in the diagnosis and treatment of mental, behavioural and personality disorders. Qualifications- Complete a medical degree and further specialization (up to 12 years of study) Who do the work with- Patients, their families and carers General practitioners (GPs) and other health professionals where do they work- Hospitals and clinics Community settings Universities or research settings what do they do? Diagnosing mental health conditions Treating mental health conditions through: prescribing medication providing therapy Creating management plans for developmental conditions, such as ADHD Research
55
what is a phycologist and what do they do?
An individual who is professionally trained in one or more branches of psychology qaulification- Complete a Psychology degree, including Post-graduate study (Honours and Masters) for further specialisation (minimum 6 years of study). Who do they work with- Patients, their families and carers. where do they work- Hospitals and private clinics Community settings Schools Courts and prisons Universities or research settings Diagnosing mental health and developmental conditions Treating through different types of therapy and counselling Creating management plans for developmental conditions, such as ADHD Research
56
Who are mental health workers and what do they do?
qualification- A degree in nursing or social work A certification in mental health or community service, or youth work who do they work with- A variety of people living with mental health, developmental or social challenges where do the work- Client’s home Community or other support centres, such as rehabilitation, aged care and youth centres Government organisations Ensure medication is taken appropriately Develop coping strategies with clients Manage mental health records Facilitate education programs Connect individuals with social services Provide social connection
57
what is a mental health organization?
A company or group that works to address or advocate for mental health, such as through providing support or specialised services. who do they work with - A variety of people living with mental health, developmental or social challenges Usually a mental health organisation will provide specialised services for a particular group, such as: Children and families People with disabilities Veterans Gender-based support Counselling and crisis support Raising awareness Early intervention programs Educational programs and workshops Social support services, including financial, employment and group support
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59
What are mental health workers and what do they do?
Members of a mental health treatment team who assist in providing a wide range of services and care for patients with psychological or social problems. Qualification-A degree in nursing or social work A certification in mental health or community service, or youth work who do they work with- A variety of people living with mental health, developmental or social challenges where do they work- Client’s home Community or other support centres, such as rehabilitation, aged care and youth centres Government organisations Ensure medication is taken appropriately Develop coping strategies with clients Manage mental health records Facilitate education programs Connect individuals with social services Provide social connection
60
what are mental health organizations?
A company or group that works to address or advocate for mental health, such as through providing support or specialised services. who do they wirk with- A variety of people living with mental health, developmental or social challenges Usually a mental health organisation will provide specialised services for a particular group, such as: Children and families People with disabilities Veterans Gender-based support Counselling and crisis support Raising awareness Early intervention programs Educational programs and workshops Social support services, including financial, employment and group support
61
what is a Culturally responsive practice?
Different cultures have different ways of understanding, exhibiting and treating various conditions. It is vital for mental health workers to understand and support the unique needs of cultural groups, in order to provide the best care possible.

unit 1 and 2 phycology (2 decks)

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