Outcome 1 Flashcards
Health
A complex, multidimensional concept that is usually measured in terms of the absence of physical pain, disability, emotional, mental and physical wellbeing and adequate social functioning
Wellbeing
A complex combination of all dimensions of health, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged
The dynamic nature of Health and Wellbeing
Health and wellbeing is said to be dynamic as it is constantly changing often in response to environments and experiences
The subjective nature of Health and Wellbeing
Health and wellbeing is said to be subjective as it is influenced by a persons opinions and feelings. The concept of health and wellbeing means different things to different people, based on their past experiences and the current circumstances of the individual
The dimensions of Health and Wellbeing
Physical Emotional Mental Social Spiritual
(PEMSS)
Physical Health and Wellbeing
Refers to the functioning of the body and its systems and includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks
Factors associated with physical health and wellbeing include body weight, energy levels, functioning body systems, absence of illness, and physical fitness
Social Health and Wellbeing
Refers to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations
Factors associated with this dimension include the ability to form meaningful relationships, positive communication, supportive family and friends etc
Mental Health and Wellbeing
Relates to an individuals state of mind or brain and it relates to the ability to think and process information, form opinions, make decisions and use logic
Factors associated with this dimension include levels of stress and anxiety, self esteem, as well as a sense of confidence
Emotional Health and Wellbeing
Relates to the ability to recognise, understand and effectively manage and express emotions, as well as the ability to display resilience. About the management of emotional actions and reactions and the degree to which an individual felt emotionally secure and relaxed
Spiritual Health and Wellbeing
Relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings. Spiritual health can be individualised, relating to spiritual traditions, religion, prayer or other practices such as morals, values, a sense of purpose in life, connection or belonging
Optimal Health and Wellbeing
Refers to the best possible state of an individuals health for their age. As everyone has different genetic potential and is influenced by different environments, every individuals level of optimal physical health and wellbeing will be different.
Optimal Health and wellbeing as a resource for individuals
- Increasing their life expectancy
- Increasing self esteem and positive self image
- Reducing pain and suffering associated with chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure etc.
- Reducing medical costs due to illness, allowing individuals to maximise income as a resource
Optimal Health and wellbeing as a resource nationally
- Healthy population helps to build a productive workforce, increasing national income
- Positive societal participation to enable the existence of high functioning government systems, such as education and healthcare departments
- If groups are at optimal health, they are contributing to the workforce and therefore funding healthcare, reducing the burden on the healthcare system
- Reduces level of stress and anxiety in the general population
Optimal Health and wellbeing as a resource globally
- Decrease in the emergence of infectious diseases and other health threats in the world which can cross borders
- An increase in the economic and social development of low income countries
- An increase in peoples ability to engage freely in economic pursuits worldwide, increasing global economic productivity
- Decrease in non communicable diseases including cancer, diabetes, heart disease
Illness
A concept that relates to negative aspects of health and wellbeing and is the state of feeling unwell. Relates to how an individual feels as a result of a disease, which is a physical or mental disturbance.
Prerequisites for Health
In the Ottawa Charter for Health promotion, the basic conditions and resources that must be available if any gains in health are to occur are identified as peace, shelter, education, food, income, stable eco-system, sustainable resources, social justice and equity
Peace
Recognised as not only just the absence of war or conflict, but also access to education, health and essential services. Without this health is challenged not only through violence as a major cause of death and injury, but through limited access to services.
Shelter
Can be described as a housing or dwelling that provides adequate safety, security and privacy. A safe environment provides individuals with the security they need to participate in the social, educational, economic and community aspects of their lives
Food
A fundamental human right, all people should be able to obtain a safe, nutritionally adequate diet through a sustainable food system in order to attain and maintain an appropriate level of health and wellbeing.
Income
People with lower incomes are at greater risk of poor health, have higher rates of illness, disability and death, and live shorter lives than those with high incomes. The income of both the individual and the country influence the ability of communities to access conditions that are essential for health such as clean water and sanitation, adequate nutrition, housing, education and a functioning healthcare system.
Stable ecosystem
Refers to a balanced relationship between both plants and animals that live in an environment, providing food, air and water. Changes in eco-systems such as global warming have the potential to seriously affect human health
Sustainable resources
Relate to enabling natural systems to function, while still being used to maintain current living practices and also have these resources available for future generations. The actions of past/current generations can damage the environment, seriously affecting their chances of survival in optimal health
Social justice and Equity
All people within a community are required to receive fair treatment. There needs to be an approach that fosters equity and fairness of distribution across the social structures, to ensure health for all. Providing equity means providing equal opportunity and resources including education, health and social services, to enable all people to achieve their fullest health potential.
Incidence
The number of new cases of a condition during a given period of time
Prevalence
The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at any given time
Morbidity
Refers to ill-health in an individual and the levels of of ill-health in a population or group
Burden of Disease
A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, measured in the DALY. It specifically measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to old age free of disease and disability
Daily Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)
One DALY = one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury
Years of Life Lost (YLL)
A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death
Years Lost due to Disability (YLD)
A measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to illness, injury or disability
Life Expectancy
An indication of how long an individual can expect to live, it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change
Health Adjusted Life Years (HALE)
It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of illness and mortality. It is a measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health.
Mortality
Refers to death at a population level
Maternal Mortality
Death of a mother during pregnancy, childbirth, or within six weeks of delivery
Infant Mortality
The death of a child between birth and their first birthday
Under-Five Mortality
The death of a child under five years of age
Self-assessed Health Status
A measure based on a person’s own opinion about how they feel regarding their health and wellbeing, their state of mind and their life in general. It is commonly sourced from population surveys
