Outcome 1

Question 1

Health

Answer 1

A complex, multidimensional concept that is usually measured in terms of the absence of physical pain, disability, emotional, mental and physical wellbeing and adequate social functioning

Question 2

Wellbeing

Answer 2

A complex combination of all dimensions of health, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged

Question 3

The dynamic nature of Health and Wellbeing

Answer 3

Health and wellbeing is said to be dynamic as it is constantly changing often in response to environments and experiences

Question 4

The subjective nature of Health and Wellbeing

Answer 4

Health and wellbeing is said to be subjective as it is influenced by a persons opinions and feelings. The concept of health and wellbeing means different things to different people, based on their past experiences and the current circumstances of the individual

Question 5

The dimensions of Health and Wellbeing

Answer 5

Physical
Emotional
Mental
Social
Spiritual

(PEMSS)

Question 6

Physical Health and Wellbeing

Answer 6

Refers to the functioning of the body and its systems and includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks

Factors associated with physical health and wellbeing include body weight, energy levels, functioning body systems, absence of illness, and physical fitness

Question 7

Social Health and Wellbeing

Answer 7

Refers to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations

Factors associated with this dimension include the ability to form meaningful relationships, positive communication, supportive family and friends etc

Question 8

Mental Health and Wellbeing

Answer 8

Relates to an individuals state of mind or brain and it relates to the ability to think and process information, form opinions, make decisions and use logic

Factors associated with this dimension include levels of stress and anxiety, self esteem, as well as a sense of confidence

Question 9

Emotional Health and Wellbeing

Answer 9

Relates to the ability to recognise, understand and effectively manage and express emotions, as well as the ability to display resilience. About the management of emotional actions and reactions and the degree to which an individual felt emotionally secure and relaxed

Question 10

Spiritual Health and Wellbeing

Answer 10

Relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings. Spiritual health can be individualised, relating to spiritual traditions, religion, prayer or other practices such as morals, values, a sense of purpose in life, connection or belonging

Question 11

Optimal Health and Wellbeing

Answer 11

Refers to the best possible state of an individuals health for their age. As everyone has different genetic potential and is influenced by different environments, every individuals level of optimal physical health and wellbeing will be different.

Question 12

Optimal Health and wellbeing as a resource for individuals

Answer 12

• Increasing their life expectancy
• Increasing self esteem and positive self image
• Reducing pain and suffering associated with chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure etc.
• Reducing medical costs due to illness, allowing individuals to maximise income as a resource

Question 13

Optimal Health and wellbeing as a resource nationally

Answer 13

• Healthy population helps to build a productive workforce, increasing national income
• Positive societal participation to enable the existence of high functioning government systems, such as education and healthcare departments
• If groups are at optimal health, they are contributing to the workforce and therefore funding healthcare, reducing the burden on the healthcare system
• Reduces level of stress and anxiety in the general population

Question 14

Optimal Health and wellbeing as a resource globally

Answer 14

• Decrease in the emergence of infectious diseases and other health threats in the world which can cross borders
• An increase in the economic and social development of low income countries
• An increase in peoples ability to engage freely in economic pursuits worldwide, increasing global economic productivity
• Decrease in non communicable diseases including cancer, diabetes, heart disease

Question 15

Illness

Answer 15

A concept that relates to negative aspects of health and wellbeing and is the state of feeling unwell. Relates to how an individual feels as a result of a disease, which is a physical or mental disturbance.

Question 16

Prerequisites for Health

Answer 16

In the Ottawa Charter for Health promotion, the basic conditions and resources that must be available if any gains in health are to occur are identified as peace, shelter, education, food, income, stable eco-system, sustainable resources, social justice and equity

Question 17

Peace

Answer 17

Recognised as not only just the absence of war or conflict, but also access to education, health and essential services. Without this health is challenged not only through violence as a major cause of death and injury, but through limited access to services.

Question 18

Shelter

Answer 18

Can be described as a housing or dwelling that provides adequate safety, security and privacy. A safe environment provides individuals with the security they need to participate in the social, educational, economic and community aspects of their lives

Question 19

Food

Answer 19

A fundamental human right, all people should be able to obtain a safe, nutritionally adequate diet through a sustainable food system in order to attain and maintain an appropriate level of health and wellbeing.

Question 20

Income

Answer 20

People with lower incomes are at greater risk of poor health, have higher rates of illness, disability and death, and live shorter lives than those with high incomes. The income of both the individual and the country influence the ability of communities to access conditions that are essential for health such as clean water and sanitation, adequate nutrition, housing, education and a functioning healthcare system.

Question 21

Stable ecosystem

Answer 21

Refers to a balanced relationship between both plants and animals that live in an environment, providing food, air and water. Changes in eco-systems such as global warming have the potential to seriously affect human health

Question 22

Sustainable resources

Answer 22

Relate to enabling natural systems to function, while still being used to maintain current living practices and also have these resources available for future generations. The actions of past/current generations can damage the environment, seriously affecting their chances of survival in optimal health

Question 23

Social justice and Equity

Answer 23

All people within a community are required to receive fair treatment. There needs to be an approach that fosters equity and fairness of distribution across the social structures, to ensure health for all. Providing equity means providing equal opportunity and resources including education, health and social services, to enable all people to achieve their fullest health potential.

Question 24

Incidence

Answer 24

The number of new cases of a condition during a given period of time

Question 25

Prevalence

Answer 25

The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at any given time

Question 26

Morbidity

Answer 26

Refers to ill-health in an individual and the levels of of ill-health in a population or group

Question 27

Burden of Disease

Answer 27

A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, measured in the DALY. It specifically measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to old age free of disease and disability

Question 28

Daily Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)

Answer 28

One DALY = one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury

Question 29

Years of Life Lost (YLL)

Answer 29

A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death

Question 30

Years Lost due to Disability (YLD)

Answer 30

A measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to illness, injury or disability

Question 31

Life Expectancy

Answer 31

An indication of how long an individual can expect to live, it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change

Question 32

Health Adjusted Life Years (HALE)

Answer 32

It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of illness and mortality. It is a measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health.

Question 33

Mortality

Answer 33

Refers to death at a population level

Question 34

Maternal Mortality

Answer 34

Death of a mother during pregnancy, childbirth, or within six weeks of delivery

Question 35

Infant Mortality

Answer 35

The death of a child between birth and their first birthday

Question 36

Under-Five Mortality

Answer 36

The death of a child under five years of age

Question 37

Self-assessed Health Status

Answer 37

A measure based on a person’s own opinion about how they feel regarding their health and wellbeing, their state of mind and their life in general. It is commonly sourced from population surveys