Outbreak management

Question 1

Define disease outbreak

Answer 1

increase in the total number or frequency of cases than would be expected at any given time and location or significant increase in severity and duration

Question 2

Three things a pathogen needs to transmit disease

Answer 2

Environment, host and pathogen

Question 3

Examples of environmental factors that enable disease

Answer 3

physical barriers, kennel design, population denisty,climate

Question 4

Examples of host factors that enable disease

Answer 4

immunity, age and comorbidities

Question 5

Examples of pathogen factors that enable disease

Answer 5

infectivity, resiliency, shedding

Question 6

Management of pathogen to host

Answer 6

increase the animals ability to flight off disease: vaccination, ID and treat, nutrition

Question 7

Management strategies for controlling, preventing an outbreak

Answer 7

• prevention
• diagnosis
• isolation
• quarantine
• environment
• new population

Question 8

two goals

Answer 8

stop transmission and alleviate suffering

Question 9

Management of host to Environment

Answer 9

boost immunity through comfort: primary enclosures, maintain capacity, plan traffic flow

Question 10

Prevention

Answer 10

• Daily rounds: ID early and work to decrease length of stay
• protocols: set up and flow, involve a vet, how specific high risk diseases are handled
• documentation: start at time of intake!! Very important for your whats, whens, wheres, whys

Question 11

Management strategies for environment to pathogens

Answer 11

decrease chance of encountering pathogen: Disease transmission, sanitation, design

Question 12

Line list

Answer 12

list of animals that are infected and a bit about there condition and how its been control so far

Question 13

Diagnosis

Answer 13

• verify pathogen
• outline clinical signs
• run diagnostics (fast tests preferred)

Question 14

Verification of pathogen

Answer 14

• shedding time
• incubation
• transmission
• longevity in environment
• effectiveness of vaccination and disinfectants
• necropsy

Question 15

which animals should be tested?

Answer 15

symptomatic animals, highly suspicious, exposure history –> waste of time and resources to test everyone

Question 16

Who would be good to test?

Answer 16

• clinically sick
• dogs under 6 mo. (susceptible)
• Animals exposed (through fomites included)
• in a mass breakout with smaller place

Question 17

Define isolation

Answer 17

separation of clinically ill animals with a communicable disease from those who are healthy and not yet clinical

Question 18

isolation as a management technique

Answer 18

biosecurity, isolate for length of contagious period, continue testing (know when shedding has stopped), alternative isolation areas –> depopulation is last resort

Question 19

Define quarantine

Answer 19

Separation of animals known to be exposed to pathogen but not exhibiting clinical signs

Question 20

Quarantine as a management technique

Answer 20

Biosecurity, testing (run titers), assess risk level of exposure (hard to ID animals that are in various stages of being vaccinated), length of incubation period

Question 21

True or false - the severity of clinical skills is a reflection of how bad an infect is

Answer 21

false, the animal could have better immunity or not infected with the same disease

Question 22

infectivity

Answer 22

amount of virus needed to infect. Less virus needed more severe disease

Question 23

Environmental decontamination as a management technique

Answer 23

• clean and disinfect (to target pathogen)
• Consider “degreasing”
• Consider all sources of contamination
• look at what people are doing –> are they being cleaned effectively

Question 24

Introducing a new population as a management technique

Answer 24

limited versus open, vaccination and prophylactic care to new intake

Question 25

Limited versus open clinics

Answer 25

Limited - can stop taking certain animals that pose infective risk to the shelter
Open - cannot limit (usually municipal) but can stream line elsewhere for a period of time

Question 26

Enforce strict cleaning break between ____ and ______ and ______

Answer 26

isolation, quarantine, new clean animals. No people crossing these lines, no cleaning supplies crossing these boarders, no fomites crossing boarder

Question 27

Who should be communicated with?

Answer 27

staff, volunteers, donors, vet offices, adopters, local government

Question 28

what do you risk with not communicating?

Answer 28

increased euthanasia, decreased lifes saved, lost resources, ruin shelter reputation