Outbreak Flashcards

1
Q

What does HAI stand for?

A

Heathcare associated infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a healthcare associated infection?

A

Infection you might catch when getting healthcare in the hospital or community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the most common infections in hospitals?

A

Urine infections, infections after surgery, skin infections, sickness and diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a hospital acquired infection?

A

Infection after being in hospital for more than 48 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the most common hospital acquired infections?

A
  • UTI (23%)
    • Mainly related to catheterisation
  • Surgical site infection (19%)
  • Respiratory tract infection (18%)
  • Bloodstream infections (11%)
  • GI infection
  • Skin and soft tissue infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an outbreak?

A

An infection defined as 2 or more cases of an infection linked in time and place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does IPCT stand for?

A

Infection, prevention and control team

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the purpose of the IPCT?

A

Prevent infections and outbreaks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the steps in the chain of infection?

A

1) Infectious agent
2) Reservoir
3) Portal of exit
4) Transmission
5) Portal of entry
6) Susceptible host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are examples of infectious agents?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Virus
  • Fungi
  • Prion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are examples of reservoirs?

A
  • Humans
  • Equipment
  • Environment
  • Food
  • Animals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are examples of portals of exit?

A
  • Blood and body fluids
  • Skin scales/wound
  • Coughing and sneezing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are examples of modes of transmission?

A
  • Direct or indirect
  • Inhalation
  • Ingested of contaminated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are examples of portals of entry?

A
  • Skin/surgical wounds
  • Eyes or mouth
  • Respiratory tract
  • Intestinal tract
  • Tubes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are examples of things that make people susceptible hosts?

A
  • Underdeveloped immune system
  • Decreasing immune system
  • Drugs or disease
  • Tubes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are ways of breaking the chain of infection to stop outbreaks at the infectious agent phase?

A
  1. Diagnosis and treatment
  2. Antimicrobial stewardship
17
Q

What are ways of breaking the chain of infection at the reservoir phase?

A
  1. Cleaning
  2. Infection prevention
  3. Pest control
18
Q

What are ways of breaking the chain of infection at the portal of exit phase?

A
  1. Hand hygiene
  2. PPE
  3. Personal hygiene
  4. First aid
  5. Removal of catheters and tubes
19
Q

What are ways of breaking the chain of infection at the mode of transmission phase?

A
  1. Hand hygiene
  2. PPE
  3. Food safety
  4. Cleaning
  5. Isolation
20
Q

What are ways of breaking the chain of infection at the susceptible host phase?

A
  1. Immunisation
  2. Treatment of underlying disease
  3. Health insurance
  4. Patient education
21
Q

What are the 5 points of hand hygeine?

A

1) Before patient contact
2) Before aseptic procedure
3) After body fluid exposure
4) After patient contact
5) After touching patient environment

22
Q

What does TBPs stand for?

A

Transmission based precautions

23
Q

What are some examples of transmission based precautions?

A
  • Contact
  • Gloves
  • Apron
  • Masks
  • Eye protection
24
Q

What are some airborne precautions for isolated patients?

25
What are some droplet precautions?
26
What are some contact precautions?
27
28
What are the different kinds of airborne transmission?
* Droplet * \>5um * Spread assumed to be around 1m * Drop to ground * Aerosol * \<5um * Much more widespread * Remain suspended in the air
29
Compare and contrast droplet and aerosol transmission?
* Droplet * \>5um * Spread assumed to be around 1m * Drop to ground * Aerosol * \<5um * Much more widespread * Remain suspended in the air
30
What is the smallest size of an object that the human eye can see?
40um
31
What is cleaning?
Physical removal of organic material and decrease in microbial load
32
What is disinfection?
Large reduction in microbe numbers
33
What is sterilisation?
Removal/destruction of all microbes and spores
34
What cleaning method is used for low risk, medium risk, and high risk things?
* Low risk * Intact skin contact such as stethoscopes, cots, mattresses * Cleaning with manufacturer’s instructions * Medium risk * Mucous membrane contact such as bedpans, vaginal specula, endoscopes * Cleaning with disinfection or sterilisation as appropriate * High risk * Surgical instruments * Cleaning with sterilisation
35
What are some methods of disinfection?
* Heat * Pasteurisation (such as bedpans, linin, dishwaters) * Boiling (vaginal specula, ear syringes) * Chemical * Chemicals vary in their organism activity * Examples are alcohol, chlorhexidine, hypochlorites, hydrogen peroxide
36
What are some methods of sterilisation?
* Steam under pressure (autoclave) * Hot air oven * Gas (ethylene dioxide) * Ionising radiation
37
What are different types of surveillance?
* Local surveillance * Laboratory based * Ward/clinical area based * National surveillance * Examples are E. Coli (2016), MRSA bacteraemia (2006)
38
What is the purpose of surveillance?
To detect and identify possible outbreaks at earliest opportunity