Ottoman Empire

Question 1

Battle of Manzikert

Answer 1

battle in 1071, where the Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines in northern Syria, in Manzikert.

Question 2

Rum sultanate

Answer 2

Rome (in Turkish rum) Bunch of lands established in Anatolia after the Battle of Manzikert.

Question 3

Seljuk Turks

Answer 3

the Muslims who fought the Christians in the Crusades. tribe from Central Asia.

Question 4

Osman

Answer 4

He created the Ottoman Empire. In 1326, he controlled almost all of northwestern Anatolia. Zealous Sufi leader and controlled a ghazi state. When the Mongols sacked Baghdad, Osman had more of an ability to take over the Anatolian steppe.

Question 5

ghazi

Answer 5

means warrior in Turkish

Question 6

tariqa

Answer 6

groups of Sufis. Osman was a leader of a tariqa.

Question 7

Mongols

Answer 7

1258, they took over Baghdad. By 1300, they completely destroyed the Rum sultanate.

Question 8

Orhan

Answer 8

son of Osman. took over most of Anatolia. He reorganized the army and picked a capital for the empire, Bursa. He expanded and completely established what will become the Ottoman.

Question 9

Anatolian steppe

Answer 9

just Anatolia, now Turkey. Overrun by Osman after the Mongols took Baghdad.

Question 10

Balkan Peninsula

Answer 10

Balkan Peninsula is above Greece. Balkan Peninsula was the only land that belonged to the Byzantines. The Prince and another candidate of the throne got into a dispute, the Prince invited to Orhan to intervene. The Prince did win the throne, but Orhan and his army were there to stay.

Question 11

Bursa

Answer 11

Orhan decided his sultanate needed a capital. He chose Bursa in Anatolia.

Question 12

sultan/sultanate

Answer 12

Muslim government

Question 13

devshrime

Answer 13

the system where young boys are taken and trained to be either an official or solider of the elite

Question 14

Janissary Corps

Answer 14

troops made of the boys in the devshrime. They are the only troops to use cannons and guns.

Question 15

Mehmed II

Answer 15

Mehmed was the sultan in 1451. He had an army of 200,000 ti obtain Constantinople. Mehmed did conquer the city and he renamed it Istanbul.

Question 16

Constantinople/Istanbul

Answer 16

Constantinople and Istanbul are the same place. Mehmed renamed it Istanbul after he conquered it. Once you conquer this city, -you are in control of the Byzantine empire and the Black Sea/Mediterranean trade.

Question 17

Bosporus

Answer 17

A strait between the Black and Mediterranean Sea. It is right where Constantinople is. Very strategic.

Question 18

Hagia Sophia

Answer 18

A Byzantine churchl in Constantinople that the Muslims took over and changed into a mosque.

Question 19

Suleyman (the Magnificent)

Answer 19

In 1520, Suleyman came to the throne. He took Rhodes, so he gained control of Mediterranean trade. He also got control of North Africa, almost caliph-life as a Sunni leader, reorganize and enforced laws, protected and supported the pilgrims who headed towards Mecca, Jerusalem, and Medina. He took care of the cities, too.

Question 20

Knights of Saint John

Answer 20

“Brotherhood of Christian warriors” They defended the island of Rhodes for many centuries. Suleyman laid siege and made the Knights surrender.

Question 21

Safavids

Answer 21

Shiite Persians that are the Ottoman’s arch enemy

Question 22

shaykh al Islam

Answer 22

Suleyman gathered the ulama into a chain of command. The shaykh al Islam was the head shaykh and he was in charge of all religious matters.

Question 23

Suleymaniyya Mosque

Answer 23

In 1557, the Suleymaniyya Mosque was completed. It included a hospital and school. (a result of Suleyman building mosques everywhere in the empire).

Question 24

Topkapi Palace

Answer 24

Suleyman in Topkapi Palace, where all the sultans lived. It was in Istanbul.

Question 25

grand vizier

Answer 25

the prime minister, usually second in command after the Sultan. The Sultan’s advisor.

Question 26

Ibrahim (pasha)

Answer 26

Suleyman’s best friend, advisor, and grand vizier

Question 27

Hurrem/Roxelana

Answer 27

Roxelana was a slave that became Suleyman’s wife. She was jealous of Mustapha, Suleyman’s favorite son. She convinced him to murder Mustapha and his best friend.

Question 28

Abdulhemid II

Answer 28

the last Ottoman Sultan. He was deposed in 1907. He died in exile in Italy.

Question 29

World War I

Answer 29

It ended the empire. The Ottomans were on the losing side of the war and lost all of their territory to Britain, France, Russia and the US. In 1922 the empire became the modern day country of Turkey.

Question 30

Kemal Ataturk

Answer 30

first president of the Republic of Turkey, “Ataturk” means “father of the Turks.” He was instrumental in making Turkey a secular (not religious), modern and European-like country. (but not without much difficulty and violence)

Question 31

ghazi state

Answer 31

a ghazi state was a piece of land that was controlled by ghazis. This became the Rum sultanate.

Question 32

What happened in 1071?

Answer 32

Battle of Manzikert. If this didn’t happen, then there would be no Ottoman Empire. None of what we learned would have happened.

Question 33

What happened in 1453?

Answer 33

Constantinople was taken. If this didn’t happen, then today, it would still be Constantinople.

Question 34

What happened in 1922?

Answer 34

This was the end and fall of the Ottoman Empire. It was also the beginning of Turkey.

Question 35

How does the Ottoman Empire end?

Answer 35

After what happened with Roxelana, Suleyman drew back from his empire. Along with Suleyman, there was a string of incompetent Sultans in line after him. The Janissaries also became “lazy”. They were very slow to change in technology. Europe is now interested in N/S America. They find silver in S. America, and they don’t need much from the Ottomans who control the silver industry. Having so much silver, the prices went down. The Ottomans now become poor.