OTPF 4th Edition Flashcards
Occupational Therapy
The therapeutic use of everyday life occupations with persons, groups, or populations (the client) for the purpose of enhancing or enabling participation.
Occupational Therapy Practitioner
Both OTs and OTAs
Groups
A collection of individuals having shared characteristics or a common or shared purpose
Populations
Aggregates of people with common attributes such as contexts, characteristics, or concerns, including health risks
Community
A collection of population that is changeable and diverse and includes various people, groups, networks, and organizations
Client
Refers to persons, groups, and populations
Domain
Outlines the profession’s purview and the areas in which its members have an established body of knowledge and expertise
Process
Describes the actions practitioners take when providing services that are client centered and focused on engagement in occupations
Overarching Statement
Achieving health, well-being, and participation in life through engagement in occupation
Health
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absense of disease or infirmity
Well-Being
A general term encompassing the total universe of human life domains, including physical, mental, and social aspects
Participation
Engagement in desired occupations in ways that are personally satisfying and congruent with expectations within the culture
Engagement in Occupation
Performance of occupations as a result of choice, motivation, and meaning within a supportive context
Cornerstone
Something of great importance on which everything else depends
Occupations
The everyday activities that people do as individuals, in families, and with communitites to occupy time and bring meaning and purpose to life.
Personalized and meaningful engagement in daily life events by a specific client
Activity
A form of action that is objective and not related to a specific client’s engagement or context and, therefore, can be selected and designed to enhance occupational engagement by supporting the development of performance skills and performance patterns
Occupational Performance
The accomplishment of the selected occupation resulting from the dynamic transaction among the client, their contexts, and the occupation
Co-Occupations
Two or more individuals sharing a high level of physicality, emotionality, and intentionality
Can be parallel or shared
Interdependence
Reliance that people have on one another as a natural consequence of group living
Context
The environment and personal factors specific to each client that influences engagement and participation in occupations
Environmental Factors
Aspects of the physical, social, and attitudinal surroundings in which people live and conduct their lives
Natural Environment and Human-Made Changes to the Environment
Animate and inanimate elements of the natural or physical environment and components of that environment that have been modified by people, as well as characteristics of human populations within that environment. Engagement in human occupation influences the sustainability of the natural environment, and changes to human behavior can have a positive impact on the environment.
Products and Technology
Natural or human-made products or systems of products, equipment, and tehcnology that are gathered, created, produced, or manufactured
Support and Relationships
People or animals that provide practical physical or emotional support, nurturing, protection, assistance, and connections to other persons in the home, workplace, or school or at play or in other aspects of daily occuptions
Attitudes
Observable evidence of customs, practices, ideologies, values, norms, factual beliefs, and religious beliefs held by people other than that client
Services, Systems, and Policies
Beliefs, structured programs, and regulations for operations provided by institutions in various sectors of society designed to meet the needs of persons, groups, and populations
Personal Factors
Unique features of a person that are not part of a health condition or health state and that constitute a particular background of the person’s life and living
Personal Factor Components
Chronological age
Sexual orientation (sexual preference, sexual identity)
Gender identity
Race and ethnicity
Cultural identification and attitudes
Social background, social status, and socioeconomic status
Upbringing and life experiences
Habits and past and current behavioral patterns
Psychological assests, temperment, unique character traits, and coping styles
Education
Profession and professional identity
Lifestyle
Health condititions and fitness status
Occupational Justice
A justice that recognizes occupational rights to inclusive participation in everyday occupations for all persons in society, regardless of age, ability, gender, social class, or other differences
Performance Patterns
The aquired habits, routines, roles, and rituals used in the process of engaging consistently in occupations and can support or hinder occupational performance
Time Management
The manner in which a person, group, or population organizes, schedules, and prioritizes certain activities
Time Use
The manner in which a person manages their activity level, adapts to changes in routines, and organizes their days, weeks, and years
Habits
Specific, automatic adaptive or maladaptive behaviors
Routines
Established sequences of occupations or activities that provide a structure for daily life. These can also promote or damage health
Roles
Sets of behaviors expected by society and shaped by culture and context
Rituals
Symbolic actions with spiritual, cultural, or social meaning
Performance Skills
Observable, goal-directed actions and consist of motor skills, process skills, and social interaction skills
Motor Skills
How effectively a person moves self or interacts with objects, which includes positioning the body, obtaining and holding objects, moving self and objects, and sustaining performance
Process Skills
How effectively a person organizes objects, time and space, which includes sustaining performance, applying knowledge, organizing time, organizing space and objects, and adapting performance
Social Interaction Skills
How effectively a person uses both verbal and nonverbal skills to communicate, which includes initiating and terminating, producing, physically supporting, shaping content of, maintaining flow of, verbally supporting, and adapting social interaction
Client Factors
Specific capacities, characteristics, or beliefs that reside within the person, group, or population and influence performance in occupation.
Values
Principles, standards, or qualities considered worthwhile by the client who holds them
Belief
Something that is accepted, considered to be true, or held as an opinion
Spirituality
A deep experience of meaning brought about by engaging in occupations that involve the enacting of personal values and beliefs, reflection, and intention within a supportive contexutal environment
Dynamic and often evolving
Body Functions
Physiological functions of body systems (including psychological functions)
Examples: the sensory, musculoskeletal, mental ( affective, cognitive, perceptual) cardiovascular, respiratory, and endocrine functions
Body Structures
Anatomical parts of the body such as organs, limbs, and their components
Example: the heart and blood vessels tha support cardiovascular function
Occupational Therapy Process
The client-centered delivery of occupational therapy services. The three-part process includes 1) evaluation and 2) intervention to achieve 3) targeted outcomes and occus within the purview of the occupational therapy domain
Service Delivery Approaches
Used when providing skilled occupational therapy services, of which intra- and interprofessional collaborations are a key component
Direct Services
Provided directly to clients using a collaborative approach in settins such as hospitals, clinics, industry, schools, homes, and communities
Include interventions completed when in direct contact with the client through various mechanisms such as meeting in person with a client, leading a group session, and interacting with clients and families through telehealth systems
Indirect Services
Practitioners providing consultation to entities such as teachers, multidisciplinary teams, and community planning agencies
Occupational therapy practititioners can advocated indirectly on behalf of their clients at the person, group, and population levels to ensure their occupational needs are met.
Additional Approaches
Also direct or indirect
Examples: case management, telehealth, episodic care, and family-centered care approaches
Occupational Analysis
Performed with the understanding of the specific situation of the client and therefore the specific occupations the client wants or needs to do is in the actual context in which these occupations are performed
Activity Analysis
Generic and decontextualized in its purpose and serves to develop an understanding of typical activity demands within a given culture.
Therapeutic Use of Self
Allows occupational therapy practitioners to develop and manage their therapeutic relationship with cliens by using professional reasoning, empathy, and a client-centered, collaborative approach to service delivery
Empathy
The emotional exchange between occupational therapy practitioners and clients that allow more open communication, ensuring that practitioners connect with clients at an emotional level to assist them with their current life situation
Professional Reasoning
Reasoning that occus in all settings
Evaluation
Focused on finding out what the client wants and needs to do, determining what the client can do and has done, and identifying supports and bbarriers to health, well-being, and participation
Occupational Profile
A summary of a client’s occupational history and experiances, patterns of daily living, interests, values, needs and relevant contexts
Occupational Performance
The accomplishment of the selected occupation resulting from the dynamic transaction among the clients, their contexts, and the occupation
Analysis of Occupational Performance
The client’s ability to effectively complete desired occupation is identified
Health Promotion
The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health
Intervention Plan
Directs the actions of occupational therapy practitioners, describes the occupational therapy approaches and types of interventions selected for use in reaching clients’ targeted outcomes
Intervention Implementation
The process of putting the intervention plan into action and occurs after the initial evaluation process and development of the intervention plan
Intervention Review
The continuous process of reevaluating and reviewing the intervention plan, the effectiveness of its delivery, and progress toward outcomes
Outcomes
Emerge from the occupational therapy process and describe the results clients can achieve through occupational therapy intervention
Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs)
Any report of the status of a patient’s health condition that comes directly from the paitent, without interpretation of the patient’s response by a clinician or anyone else
Can be used as a subjective measures of improved outlook, confidence, hope, playfullness, self-efficacy, sustainability of valued occupations, pain reduction, resilience, and perceived well-being
Transition
Movement from one life role or experience to another
Discontinuation
Occurs when the client has met short- and long-term goals or chooses to discontinue receiving services
Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)
Activities oriented toward taking care of one’s own body
ADL Occupations
Bathing, showering Toileting and toilet hygiene Dressing Eating and Swallowing Feeding Functional Mobility Personal hygiene and grooming Sexual Activity
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)
Activies that support daily life within the home and community
IADL Occupations
Care of others ( including selection and supervision of caregivers) Care of pets and animals Child rearing Communication management Driving and community mobility Financial management Home establishment and management Meal preparation and cleanup Religious and spiritual expression Safety and emergency maintenance Shopping
Health Management
Activities related to developing, managing, and maintaining health and wellness routines, including self-management, with the goal of improving or maintainig health to support participation in other occupations
Health Management Occupations
Social and emotional health promotion and maintenance
Symptom and condition management
Communication with the health care system
Medication management
Physical activity
Nutrition management
Personal care device management
Rest and Sleep
Activities related to obtaining restorative rest and sleep to support healthy, active engagement in other occupations
Rest and Sleep Occupations
Rest
Sleep preparation
Sleep participation
Education
Activities needed for learning and participation in the educational environment
Education Occupations
Formal educational participation
Informal personal educational needs or interst exploration (beyond formal education)
Informal educational participation
Work
Labor or exertion related to the development, production, delivery, or management of objects or services; benefits may be financial or nonfinancial
Work Occupations
Employment interests and pursuits Employment seeking and acquisition Job performance and maintenance Retirement preparation and adjustment Volunteer exploration Volunteer participation
Play
Activities that are intrisically motivated, internally controlled, and freely chosen and that may include suspension of reality, exploration, humor, risk taking, contests, and celebrations. Play is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that is shaped by sociocultural factors
Play Occupations
Play exploration
Play participation
Leisure
Nonobligatory activity that is intrisically motivated and engaged in during discretionary time, that is, time not commited to obligatory occupations such as work
Leisure Occupations
Leisure exploration
Leisure participation
Social Participation
Activities that involve social interaction with others, including family, friends, peers, and community members, and that support social interdependence
Social Participation Occupations
Community participation Family participation Friendships Peer group participation Intimate partner relationships
Natural Environment and Human-Made Changes to the Environment Components
Physical geography Population Flora and fauna Climate Natural events Human-caused events Light Time-related changes Sound and vibration Air quality
Products and Technology Components
Food, drugs, and other products or substances for personal consumption
General products and technology for use in daily living
Personal indoor and outdoor mobility and transportation equipment used by people in activities requiring movement inside and outside of buildings
Communication
Education
Employment
Cultural, recreational, and sporting activities
Practice of religion and spirituality
Indoor and outdoor human-made environments that are planned, designed, and constructed for public and private use
Assets for economic exchanges, such as money, goods, property, and other valuables that an individual owns or has rights to use
Virtual environments occuring in simulated, real-time, and near-time situations, absent of physical contact
Support and Relationships Components
Immediate and extended family
Friends, acquaintances, peers, colleagues, neighbors, and community members
People in positions of authority and those in subordinate positions
Personal care providers and personal assistants providing support to individuals
Domesticated animals
Attitudes Components
Individual attitutes of immediate and extended family, friends and acquaintances, peers and colleagues, etc.
Societal attituted, including discriminatory practices
Social norms, practices, and ideologies that marginalize specific populations
Services, Systems, and Policies Components
Services designed to meet the needs of person,s groups, and populations
Systems established by government at local, regional, national, and international levels or by other recognized authorities
Policies constituted by rules, regulations, conventions, and standards established by governments at all levels
Specific Mental Functions
Higher-level cognition Attention Memory Perception Thought Mental functions of sequencing complex movements Emotional Experience of self and time
Global Mental Functions
Consciousness Orientation Psychosocial Temperment and personality Energy Sleep
Sensory Functions
Visual functions Hearing functions Vestibular functions Taste functions Smell functions Proprioceptive functions Touch functions Interoception Pain Sensitivity to temperature and pressure
Functions of Joints and Bones
Joint mobility
Joint stability
Muscle Functions
Muscle power
Muscle tone
Muscle endurance
Movement Functions
Motor reflexes
Involuntary movement reactions
Control of voluntary movement
Gait patterns
Cardiovascular, Hematological, Immunological, and Respiratory System Functions
Cardiovascular system functions
Hematological and immuniological system functions
Respiratory system functions
Additional functions and sensations of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
Voice and Speech Functions; Digestive, Metabolic, and Endocrine System Functions; Genitourinary and Reproductive Functions
Voice and speech functions
Digestive, metabolic, and endocrine system functions
Genitourinary and reproductive functions
Skin and Related Structure Functions
Skin functions
Hair and nail functions
Occupation and Activity Demands
The components of occupations and activities that occupational therapy practitioners consider during the professional and clinical reasoning process
Relavance and Importance
Activity: General meaning of the activity within the culture
Occupation: Meaning the client derives from the occupation
Objects Used and Their Properties
Tools, supplies, equipment, and resources required in the process of carrying out the activity or occupation and their inherent properties
Space Demands
Physical environmental requirements of the activity or occupation
Social Demands
Elelments of the social or attitudinal environments that may be required by the activity or occupation
Sequencing and Timing Demands
Process required to carry out the activity or occupation
Required Actions and Performance Skills
Actions (performance skills- motor, process, and social interaction) required that are inherent part of the activity or occupation
Required Body Functions
Physiological functions of body systems (including psychological functions) required to support the actions used to perform the activity or occupation
Required Body Structures
Anatomical parts of the body such as organs, limbs, and their components that support body functions and are required to perform the activity or occupation
Occupations and Activities
Selected as interventions for specific clients are designed to meet therapeutic goals and address the underlying needs of the client’s mind, body, and spirit
Occupations
Activities
Interventions to Support Occupations
Methods and tasks that prepare the client for occupational performance are used as a part of a treatment session in preparation for or concurrently with occupations and activities or provided to a client as a home-based engagement to support daily occupational performance
PAMs and mechanical modalities Orthodics and prosthetics Assistive technology and environmental modifications Wheeled mobility Self-regulation
Education and Training Occupations
Education
Training
Advocacy
Efforts directed toward promoting occupational justice and empowering clients to seek and obtain resources to support health, well-being, and occupational participation
Advocacy
Self-advocacy
Group Intervention
Use of disticnt knowledge of the dynamics of group and social interaction and leadership techniques to facilitate learning and skill acquisition across the life span. Groups are used as a method of service delivery
Functional groups, activity groups, task groups, social groups, and other groups
Virtual Intervention
Use of simulated, real-time, and near-time technologies for service delievery absent of physical contact, such as telehealth or mobile health
Telehealth
mHealth
Approaches to Interventions
Specific strategies selected to direct the evaluation and intervention processes on the basis of the client’s desired outomes, evaluation data, and research evidence
Create, promote (Health Promotion)
An intervention approach that does not assume a disability is present or that any aspect would interfere with performance
Establish, Restore (Remediation, Restoration)
Approach designed to change client variables to establish a skill or ability that has not yet developed or to restore a skill or ability that has been impaired
Maintain
Approach designed to provide supports that will allow clients to preserve the performance capabilities that they have regained and that continue to meet their occupational needs
Modify (Compensation, Adaptation)
Approach directed at “finding ways to revise the current context or activity demands to support performance in the natural setting, including compensatory techniques such as enhancing some features to provide cues or reducing other features to reduce distractibility
Prevent (Disability Prevention)
Approach designed to address the needs of clients with or without a disability who are at risk for occupational performance problems
Improvement
Increased occupational performance through adaptation when a performance limitation is present
Enhancement
Development of performance skills and performance patterns that augment existing performance in life occupations when a performance limitation is not present
Prevention
Education or health promotion efforts designed to identify, reduce, or stop the onset and reduce the incidence of unhealthy conditions, risk factors, diseases, or injuries
Wellness
Active process through which individuals become aware of and make choices toward a more successful existence
Quality of Life
Dynamic appraisal of the client’s life satisfaction, hope, self-concept, health and functioning, and socioeconomic factors
Role Competence
Ability to effectively meet the demands of the roles in which one engages
