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Vetan 211(Embryology) > Others Events During Early Embryogenesis > Flashcards

Others Events During Early Embryogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

referred to as the development of two (2) or more embryos in a dam.

A

Embryonic dumplication or twinning

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2
Q

Several causes of embryonic duplication

A
  1. FERTILIZATION of separately ovulated ova
  2. COMPLETE or partial separation of blastomeres and blastocysts during cleavage stages
  3. DUPLICATIONS after gastrula stage when specific organ-forming regions called ‘fields’ are being organized.
  4. ONE blood supply shared by completely separated twins.
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3
Q

derived from a single zygote that eventually divides or duplicates itself.

A

Free Symmetrical Monozygotic Twins/ identical twins

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4
Q

type of twins originated from a single zygote (monozygotic).

A

conjoined or fused symmetrical twins

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5
Q

result from incomplete separation of blastomeres later in embryonic development

A

primitive streak stage

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6
Q

results if the twins are nearly complete

A

diplopagus (two-fold joined)

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7
Q

fusion is at the sternal region of the thorax

A

thoracopagus twins

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8
Q

fusion is at the abdomen

A

abdominopagus twins

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9
Q

fusion is back to back at the pelvis or sacrum

A

pygopagus

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10
Q

fusion is in the head region

A

cephalopagus

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11
Q

result from duplication of future axial structures which may occur during the primitive streak stage

A

Abnormal twins or monsters

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12
Q

two heads

A

dicephalus

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13
Q

two tails

A

dicaudatus

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14
Q

2 pairs/four pelvic limbs

A

tetrascelus

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15
Q

two faces

A

driprosopus

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16
Q

two pairs/four of thoracic limbs

A

tetrabrachius

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17
Q

this consist of separate twin one is normal and the other is rudimentary that survives by being attached to the blood supply of fetal membranes of the normal twin

A

Free, Asymmetrical Twins

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18
Q

it is common in cow

A

mummified fetus

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19
Q

twins occur after gastrulation when specific fields are become organized.

A

Conjoined, Asymmetrical Twins

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20
Q

type of twinning results when two (or more) zygotes develop separately and independently with separate fetal membranes and placenta

A

Free Symmetrical Dizygotic Twins or Fraternal Twins

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21
Q

twins are of different sexes the female twin will have an abnormally developed genital system

A

freemartin

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22
Q

membranes develop by folding-off of the embryo during the neurula stage.

A

Extraembryonic (fetal) Membranes

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23
Q

forms of the fetal placenta in mammals.

A

Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM)

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24
Q

contains the conceptus

A

chronic vesicle

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25
Q

4 fetal membranes that develop in a mammalian or avian conceptus

A

° Amnion
° Chorion
° Yolk Sac
° Allantois

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26
Q

two fetal membranes are derived from extraembryonic somatopleure of the blastocyst.

A

Amnion and Chorion

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27
Q

two fetal membranes are derived from extraembryonic splanchnopleure and extraembryonic splanchnic.

A

Yolk Sac and Allantois

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28
Q

source of early nutrition but later shrinks and become non-functional

A

yolk sac

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29
Q

outpocketing of small intestine

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

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30
Q

delimits the extent of growth of the splanchnopleure over the yolk.

A

sinus terminalis or marginal vein

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31
Q

most important in egg laying vertebrates

A

yolk sac

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32
Q

short stump of splanchnopleure formed by the folding of the body and closure of the gut tube.

A

yolk stalk

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33
Q

in what stage, the egg albumen losses water due to absorption by the embryo, rapidly decreases in size and is forced to the distal end of the yolk sac by the expanding Allantois.

A

embryonic development

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34
Q

present in reptiles, birds and manmals (amniotes) and absent in fishes and amphibians (anamniotes).

A

Amnion

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35
Q

formed by convergence of the head, lateral and tail folds at the dorsal midline of the embryo

A

inner sac of extraembryonic somatopleure

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36
Q

filled with amniotic fluid in which the embryo floats.

A

amnion

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37
Q

amniotic fluid can contain fetal feces called?

A

meconium

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38
Q

it is formed by fusion of chorioamniotic folds at the dorsal midline of the embryo.

A

inner sac

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39
Q

persist in the chick but may not persist in mammal

A

chorioamniotic raphe (mesamnion)

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40
Q

functions of amnion

A

° allows free movement of the embryo
° antibacterial
° allows fetal growth
° prevents adhesion of fetal membranes

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41
Q

derived from extraembryonic somatopleure. the outer sac that forms the outer boundary of the entire conceptus

A

chorion

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42
Q

consists of an outer surface ectoderm and an inner somatic mesoderm.

A

chorion

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43
Q

ventral diverticulum of the hindgut splanchnopleure.

A

Allantois

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44
Q

become the umbilical vessels

A

allantoic vessels

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45
Q

developing embryo uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, i.e. it has respiration.

A

respiratory

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46
Q

Allantois removes the wastes that result from embryo’s metabolism and deposits it in the allantoic cavity.

A

excretory

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47
Q

allantois provides the means for the embryo to access the albumen and the calcium of the shell.

A

digestive

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48
Q

present only in placental mammals

A

placenta

49
Q

membranous structure formed by the apposition of the fetal chorioallantoic membrane and maternal endometrium of the uterus.

A

placenta

50
Q

food of embryo is uterine milk

A

histotrophe

51
Q

several functions of placenta

A

° SELECTIVELY mediates physiological exchange between fetus and mother
° SECRETES hormones like chorionic gonadotropin
° ACTS as a barrier to prevent mixing of fetal and maternal blood.

52
Q

3 layers of fetal placenta

A

° ENDOTHELIUM of allantoic vessels
° CONNECTIVE tissue composed of somatic mesoderm of the chorion and splanchnopleure of allantois.
° EPITHELIUM composed of the chorionic ectoderm

53
Q

3 layers of the maternal placenta

A

° EPITHELIUM of endometrium
° CONNECTIVE tissue of endometrium
° ENDOTHELIUM of the uterine blood vessels

54
Q

types of placenta according to the number of tissue layers present between the maternal and fetal blood

A
  1. EPITHELIOCHORIAL
  2. SYNDESMOCHORIAL
  3. ENDOTHELIOCHORIAL
  4. HEMOCHORIAL
55
Q

there is no loss of endometrial tissue during attachment.

A

Epitheliochorial placenta

56
Q

species that present in the epitheliochorial placenta

A

horse, pig, cow and partially in goat and sheep

57
Q

ectoderm of chorion is in contact with the connective tissue of the uterine endometrium. The epithelium of endometrium degenerates.

A

syndesmochorial/ synepitheliochorial placenta

58
Q

the ectoderm of chorion contacts with the endothelium of uterine blood vessels. the epithelium and connective tissue of the endometrium degenerate.

A

Endochorial placenta

59
Q

Carnivores that present in endochorial placenta

A

dog, cat, and other canine/feline species

60
Q

the ectoderm of chorion contacts with blood in the uterine blood vessels. all the layers of maternal placenta degenerate.

A

Hemochorial placenta

61
Q

species present in hemochorial placenta

A

rodents, primates (monkey), human

62
Q

species present in some parts of the placent in the syndesmochorial placenta

A

goat and sheep

63
Q

types of placentas according to the shape and distribution of apposition areas between the fetal chorion and maternal endometrium.

A
  1. Diffuse
  2. Cotyledonary
  3. Zonary - complete or incomplete
  4. Discoid - single or double
64
Q

villi are distributed throughout the chorionic vesicle except the undilated ends. Found in horse and pig.

A

Diffuse placenta

65
Q

villi form tiny oval or around areas called cotyledons

A

cotyledonary placenta

66
Q

a discrete area of interdigitation between a maternal caruncle and fetal cotyledon.

A

Placentome

67
Q

villi are concentrated in a wide zone that forms a belt around the chronic vesicle. complete or incomplete

A

Zonary placenta

68
Q

attach to specific areas, the caruncles, in the endometrium of the uterus.

A

cotyledons

69
Q

has a belt of villi surrounding the entire chronic vesicle. And found in the dog and cat

A

Complete Zonary Placenta

70
Q

has a belt of villi that does not completely surrounding the chorionic vesicle. Found in bear, skunk, mink, weasel, ferret and raccoon.

A

incomplete zonary placenta

71
Q

villi are concentrated in oval shaped disks. Single and Double.

A

Discoid Placenta

72
Q

has one disk located at one end of the chorionic vesicle. Found in Humans and Rodents.

A

Single Discoid Placenta

73
Q

has two disks, each located on each side of the chorionic vesicle. Found in Monkey

A

Double Discoid Placenta

74
Q

uterine endometrium is sloughed of during parturition. Found in Carnivores, primates, human, rodents.

A

Deciduate Placenta

75
Q

uterine endometrium remains intact during parturition. Found in horse and pig.

A

adeciduate placenta

76
Q

process in which a developing embryo, moving as a blastocyst through a uterus, makes contact with the uterine wall and remains attach to it until birth.

A

Implantation

77
Q

an unfertilised egg cell that ovary releases and it travels down the fallopian tube

A

oocyte

78
Q

an egg is enveloped in an extracellular matrix

A

zona pellucida

79
Q

prevents the fertilised egg

A

zygote

80
Q

stage of prenatal development, or the concepts.

A

blastocyst

81
Q

a process which the zygote moves through the fallopian tube and it undergoes several rounds of cell division.

A

cleavage

82
Q

one of the few uterine surfaces to which a blastocyst cannot always implant.

A

endometrium

83
Q

membranes form the fetal portion of the placenta

A

chorion

84
Q

folds of tissue and blood vessels that connect maternal and fetal blood pools.

A

chorionic villi

85
Q

Approximately implantation time of Human.

A

1 week

86
Q

approximately implantation time of dog, cat, sheep.

A

2 weeks

87
Q

approximately implantation time of deer and bear.

A

delayed up to 4 months

88
Q

approximately implantation time to horse

A

3 to 8 weeks.

89
Q

approximately implantation time to cattle

A

3-5 weeks

90
Q

types of implantation which trophoblast invade and partially destroy the epithelium of the uterine endometrium

A

interstitial implantation

91
Q

type of implantation which trophoblast do not grow into the epithelium of the uterine endometrium and can be physically separated from the latter

A

noninvasive implantation

92
Q

gestation period of pig (sus scrofa)

A

114-116 days (average)

93
Q

gestation period of a Horse (equus caballus)

A

335-345 days

94
Q

forms around the omphalopleure

A

sinus terminalis

95
Q

gestation period of Cow (Bos taurus)

A

279-282 days

96
Q

gestation period of sheep (ovis aries)

A

148-150 days

97
Q

gestation period of goat (capra hircus)

A

150 days

98
Q

placenta in bovine are;

A

Cotyledonary, Epitheliochorial, and moderately diciduate

99
Q

placenta in sheep and goat are;

A

cotyledonary, partially synepitheliochorial and deciduate

100
Q

is wide and persists throughout pregnancy.

A

mesamnion

101
Q

result from the proliferation of endometrial connective tissue.

A

Uterine caruncles

102
Q

gestation period of Dog (Canis familiaris)

A

63 days

103
Q

gestation period of cat (felis domestica)

A

60 days

104
Q

gestation period of ferret (mustela potorius furo)

A

41 days

105
Q

does not develop fully; the amnion which expands and eventually obliterates the extraembryonic coelom.

A

Allantois

106
Q

gestation of monkey (Macaca mulatta)

A

160 days

107
Q

fetal placenta is made up of chorioamniotic membranes.

A

allantoic and placental development

108
Q

gestation period of mouse

A

18-21 days

109
Q

gestation period of hamster

A

15 days

110
Q

gestation period of rat

A

22-23 days

111
Q

gestation period of guinea pig

A

63 days

112
Q

gestation period of a rabbit

A

32 days

113
Q

placenta in early stage of development is derived from the ectoderm of chorion and the endoderm of the yolk sac

A

inverted yolk sac placenta

114
Q

accumulation of excessive amount of fluid in the amnion

A

Hydrops of the amnion or Allantois

115
Q

associated with some fetal malformation that interferes with it’s ability to swallow

A

hydramnios

116
Q

associated with some disease of placenta causing a vascular disturbance in the endometrium or chorioallantois

A

hydrallantois

117
Q

species w/ long umbilical cords such as swine, neck or limb strangulation in varying degree may occur.

A

strangulation by umbilical cord

118
Q

amnion being attached to the embryonic structures particularly the CNS or limbs

A

Amniotic Bands

Vetan 211(Embryology) (2 decks)

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