Other word formations 2

Question 1

Blends/Blending

Answer 1

two words as bases that is why they are similar to compounds, but in compounds there are no skracivanja. There can also be three words as bases but it is really rare
-these wors (spork,brexit,keytar) do not have morphemic but PROSODIC boundaries which means that phonology determines the creation of blends and the elements that are used in the creation are called SPLINTERS, both bases are represented but not to the same extent. Blends are made by using the beginning of one word and the ending of another and u mash them together : for ex: boat + hotel-boatel

Question 2

The 2 types of blends(internal relationship)

Answer 2

Type 1 – element A modifies element B
(endocentric compounds clipped into a blend),
clipped compound is a type test can be used and the examples are: breath + analyzer > breathalyzer, motor + camp > mocamp, motor + hotel > motel, science + fiction > sci-fi
Type 2 – neither element is the head, neither is
the modifier (similar to copulative compounds),
proper blends examples: boat + hotel > boatel
 smoke + fog > smog
 breakfast + lunch > brunch
 channel + tunnel > chunnel

Question 3

Why do we sometimes consider some blends to be morphemes?

Answer 3

Because they have become so widely used not in one variant but in many different ones that they become cetran affixes, this would be the case for-burger,-holic,-thon,ception they have been degrammaticalized into free morphemes.

Question 4

Clipping

Answer 4

We truncate the word and use it as such, they are closely related to y-diminutives and truncated names for ex. brassier-bra advertisment- ad ,fanatic-fan typo,condo, flu radio,phone and in some cases these slips replace the first word, these ae popular in street slang: hood
Based on phonological features, we divide clips into the first syllable of the word-fan and the stressed syllable which would be -possum in opossum

Question 5

What is linguistic economy?

Answer 5

getting the message across

using minimal effort necessary

Question 6

What are the 4 types of clipping

Answer 6

 fore (front) clipping – fax, bus
 hind (back) clipping – tux, fan
 middle (both) clipping – flu, fridge
 complex (multi-word) clipping – graph, typo

Question 7

Truncated names

Answer 7

Abigail >Gail Alonzo >Lon
 Amelia >Mel Bartholomew >Bart
 Barbara >Barb
three general templates:
 CVC (Mel)
 VC (Al)
 CVV (Lou, Sue)
segmental changes:
 /l/ > /r/ Harry>Hal
 /θ/ >/t/ Bartholomew > Bart
 /i/ > /3 / Amilia > Mel

Question 8

y-diminutives

Answer 8

 truncated names with -y affix
 two orthographic variants: -y,-ie:
Albert > Bertie
alright > alrightie
Australian > Aussie
aunt > auntie
Andrew > Andy
comfortable > comfy
– predominantly nouns, both proper and
common, and adjectives
 disyllabic, first syllable usually stressed and not
truncated; second syllable – consonant + suffix (-
y/-ie), no complex onset

Question 9

initialisms/abbreviations

Answer 9

They are based on ortography,
increasingly productive process from mid 20th ct.
 similar mechanisms to blends – truncate the base
words and merge the remaining parts
 includes only single graphemes (or two graphemes
-lexical source words generally represented, function words
can be ommitted, brevity vs. pronounceability
-after certain period of usage, initialisms become
so embedded into the language people don’t see
them as abbreviations (lexicalization)-radar,laser,scuba,sonar

Question 10

What are the two types of initialisms?

Answer 10

a) alphabetisms (pronounced as individual letters of
the alphabet) – CIA, BNC, USA, FAQ, DUI
b) acronyms (pronounced as whole words) – FIFA,
COCA, UNICEF, WASP, UEFA

Question 11

Why can we consider initialisms to be stand alone ,in times even morphemic words?

Answer 11

They have a derivational life of their on- YOLOer –LOLs
-initialisms can acquire specialized meanings that bases
don’t (compare lol and laughing out loud)

Question 12

Backronyms?

Answer 12

The abbreviation came first and then the explaination came
 acronyms created with the
homonymy/association with an existing word in
mind:

Question 13

Reduplication?

Answer 13

 reduplication – process based on prosodic
properties of words, a marginal WF process in
English,
 in other languages, a productive inflectional or
derivational process
-no truncation, but reattachment of the same
element, with some minor alternations (vowels
or consonants)
example: yum-yum

Question 14

Types of reduplications

Answer 14

 repetition: yum-yum, cheapo-cheapo, goodygoody
 vowel change: knick-knack, chitter-chatter,
riffraff
 consonant change: argy-bargy hanky-panky,
fuddy-duddy
 onomatopoeia: twing-twang, chack-chack,
zigzag, chitter-chatter

Question 15

Syntactic reduplication?

Answer 15

It is not a WF process, but it is a syntactic process
There are 2 types of these:
-Contrastive focus reduplication
 I’ll make the tuna salad, and you make the SALAD–salad.
 That’s not AUCKLAND–Auckland, is it?
 That’s PORN–porn we’re talking about?
-Intensive reduplication
 Let’s get out there and win win win!
 All Sandy thinks about is sex sex sex!

Question 16

Borrowing

Answer 16

not a morphological process, but it creates new lexemes and in this respect we are getting new roots