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Licensure Exam > Other Systems > Flashcards

Other Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most superficial/avascular layer of skin?

A

The Epidermis

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2
Q

Which layer of the skin is well vascularized, elastic, flexible, and tough?

A

The Dermis (True skin)

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3
Q

What is the deepest layer of skin called?

A

The Subcutaneous Tissue (Fatty Tissue)

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4
Q

What are the key functions of the integumentary system?

A

-Protection
-Sensation
-Thermoregulation
-Excretion of sweat
-Vitamin D synthesis

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5
Q

Where are Sebaceous Glands located?

A

The are attached to hair follicles

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6
Q

What is monofilament testing used for?

A

To test the protective sensation of the skin

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7
Q

Failure to feel what size monofilament indicates lack of protective sensation of the skin (e.g. inability to feel a small pebble in a shoe or a developing blister)?

A

10 gm

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8
Q

Failure to feel what size monofilament indicates that the area is insensate (completely lacking of sensation)?

A

75 gm

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9
Q

What is the Etiology of Venous Insufficiency Ulcers?

A

Impaired function to the venous system (return of blood to the heart/ usually in the LEs), resulting in inadequate circulation and eventual tissue damage and ulceration.

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10
Q

What are the General Recommendations for treating Venous Insufficiency Ulcers?

A

-Limb protection
-Risk reduction education
-Inspect legs and feet daily
-Compression to control edema
-Elevate legs above the heart when resting or sleeping
-Attempt active exercise including frequent ROM
-Wear appropriately sized shoes with clean, seamless socks

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11
Q

What is the Etiology of Neuropathic Ulcers?

A

They are usually associated with Diabetes Mellitus, however any form of ischemia and peripheral neuropathy poses an increased risk of wound development.

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12
Q

What are the General Recommendations for treatment of Neuropathic Ulcers?

A

-Limb protection
-Risk reduction education
-Inspect legs and feet daily
-Inspect footwear for debris prior to donning
-Wear appropriately sized off-loading footwear with clean, cushioned, seamless socks

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13
Q

What is the Etiology of Pressure (decubitus) Ulcers?

A

Prolonged pressure on tissue at levels greater than that of capillary pressure, resulting in ischemia.

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14
Q

What factors contribute to pressure ulcers?

A

Shearing forces, moisture, heat, friction, medications, muscle atrophy, malnutrition, and debilitating medical conditions.

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15
Q

What are the names of the Pressure Injury Risk Assessment tools?

A

Braden Scale and Norton Scale

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16
Q

What are the General Recommendations for treating Pressure Ulcers?

A

-Repositioning every 2 hours in bed
-Management of excess moisture
-Off-loading with pressure relieving devices
-Inspect skin daily for signs of pressure damage
-Limit shear, traction, and friction forces over fragile skin

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17
Q

What are the Characteristics of Arterial Insufficiency Ulcers?

A

-Located on the lower one-third of leg, toes, web spaces (distal toes, dorsal foot, lateral malleolus)
-Appearance is smooth edges, well defined; lack granulation tissue; tend to be deep
-Minimal exudate
-Severe Pain
-Diminished or absent pedal pulse
-Normal edema
-Decreased skin temp
-Surrounding skin is thin and shiny; hair loss; yellow nails
-Leg elevation increases pain

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18
Q

What are the Characteristics of Venous Insufficiency Ulcers?

A

-Located on the proximal to medial malleolus
-Appearance is irregular shape; shallow
-Moderate/heavy exudate
-Mild to moderate pain
-Normal pedal pulse
-Increased edema
-Normal skin temp
-Skin is flakey and dry; brownish discoloration
-Leg elevation decreases pain

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19
Q

What are the Characteristics of Neuropathic Ulcers?

A

-Located on the areas of the foot susceptible to pressure or shear forces during weight bearing
-Appearance is well-defined oval or circle; callused rim; cracked periwound tissue; little to no wound bed necrosis with good granulation
-Low/moderate exudate
-No pain, however, dysesthesia (distorted feeling of touch) may be reported
-Diminished or absent pedal pulse; unreliable ankle-brachial index with diabetes
-Normal edema
-Decreased skin temp
-Surrounding skin is dry, inelastic, shiny; decreased or absent sweat and oil production
-Area has loss of protective sensation

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20
Q

How are wounds that are not categorized as pressure or neuropathic ulcers (e.g., skin tears, surgical wounds, venous stasis ulcers) classified as?

A

They are classified based on skin depth of tissue loss

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21
Q

What are the Wound Classifications by Depth

A

-Superficial Wound
-Partial Thickness Wound
-Full Thickness Wound
-Subcutaneous Wound

22
Q

Which wound type is classified by trauma to the skin with the epidermis remaining intact, such as with a non-blistering sunburn. And will typically heal as part of the inflammatory process?

A

A superficial wound

23
Q

Which wound type extends through the epidermis and possibly into, but not through, the dermis? Examples include abrasions, blisters, and skin tears. This wound will typically heal by re-epithelialization or epidermal resurfacing depending on the depth of the injury.

A

A partial thickness wound

24
Q

Which wound type extends through the dermis into deeper structures such as subcutaneous fat; are usually deeper than 4 mm; and heal by secondary intention?

A

A full thickness wound

25
Q

Which wound type extends through integumentary tissues and involve deeper structures such as subcutaneous fat, muscle, tendon, or bone; and require healing by secondary intention?

A

A subcutaneous wound

26
Q

Which Classification Scale categorizes dysvascular ulcers based on wound depth and the presence of infection; most commonly associated with the assessment of diabetic foot ulcers; and can be appropriately used to categorize most ulcers arising from neuropathic, ischemic, or arterial etiology.

A

The Wagner Ulcer Grade Classification Scale

27
Q

What are the grades of the Wagner Grade Classification Scale and what do they mean?

A

0 = No open lesion, but may possess pre-ulcerative lesions; healed ulcers; presence of bony deformity

1 = Superficial ulcer not involving subcutaneous tissue

2 = Deep ulcer with penetration through the subcutaneous tissue; potentially exposing bone, tendon, ligament or joint capsule

3 = Deep ulcer with osteitis, abscess or osteomyelitis

4 = Gangrene of digit

5 = Gangrene of foot requiring disarticulation

28
Q

What are the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP) stages used for?

A

To separate the severity of pressure ulcers into stages

29
Q

What does a Stage 1 Pressure Injury look like?

A

Non-blanchable erythema of intact skin

30
Q

What does a Stage 2 Pressure Injury look like?

A

Partial-thickness skin loss with exposed dermis

31
Q

What does a Stage 3 Pressure Injury look like?

A

Full-thickness skin loss

32
Q

What does a Stage 4 Pressure Injury look like?

A

Full-thickness skin and tissue loss

33
Q

What does an Unstageable Pressure Injury look like?

A

Obscured full-thickness skin and tissue loss by slough or eschar.

34
Q

What does a Deep Tissue Pressure Injury look like?

A

Persistent non-blanchable deep red, maroon or purple discoloration

35
Q

What is the Red-Yellow-Black System

A

It is a system using colors to describe the appearance of a wound and what the goals are for each color

36
Q

What is the description and goal(s) for a Red wound?

A

-Pink granulation tissue
-Protect wound; maintain moist environment

37
Q

What is the description and goal(s) for a Yellow wound?

A

-Moist, yellow slough
-Remove exudate and debris; absorb drainage

38
Q

What is the description and goal(s) for a Black wound?

A

-Black, thick eschar firmly adhered -Debride necrotic tissue

39
Q

What things should you document when assessing a wound?

A

-Location
-Mechanism of injury
-Dimensions
-Drainage (type, consistency, color and odor)
-Tunneling, undermining, contraction

40
Q

What is Serous Exudate?

A

Presents as a clear, light color and a thin, watery consistency. Considered to be normal in a healthy healing wound and is observed in the inflammatory and proliferative phases of healing.

41
Q

What is Sanguineous Exudate?

A

Presents with a red color and a thin, watery consistency. The red appearance of sanguineous exudate is due to the presence of blood which may become brown if allowed to dehydrate. Sanguineous exudate may be indicative of new blood vessel growth or the disruption of blood vessels

42
Q

What is Serosanguineous Exudate?

A

Presents with a light red or pink color and a thin, watery consistency. Serosanguineous exudate is considered to be normal in a healthy wound and is typically observed during the inflammatory and proliferative phases of healing

43
Q

What is Seropurulent Exudate?

A

Presents as cloudy or opaque, with a yellow or tan color and a thin, watery consistency. Seropurulent exudate may be an early warning sign of an impending infection and is always considered an abnormal finding

44
Q

What is Purulent Exudate?

A

Presents with a yellow or green color and a thick, viscous consistency. Purulent exudate is generally an indicator or wound infection and is always considered an abnormal finding

45
Q

What is Eschar?

A

Hard or leathery, black/brown dehydrated tissue that tends to be firmly adhered to the wound bed

46
Q

What is Gangrene?

A

Refers to the death and decay of tissue resulting from an interruption in blood flow to an area of the body.

47
Q

What is Hyperkeratosis?

A

Also referred to as callus, is typically white/gray in color and can vary in texture.

48
Q

What are the syndromes which result in hypofunction and hyperfunction of the Adrenal Gland?

A

-Addison’s Disease (hypofunction)
-Cushing’s Syndrome (hyperfunction)

49
Q

What is the diagnosis for hyperfunction of the Thyroid?

A

Grave’s Disease

50
Q

Which gland secretes growth hormone?

A

The Pituitary gland

51
Q

What is a common effect of hypoparathyroidism?

A

Cardiac Arrhythmia

52
Q

What is Exophthalmos?

A

Bulging of the eyes (is commonly associated with Grave’s Disease)

Licensure Exam (1 decks)

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