other solid dosage forms

Question 1

describe design of a patch

Answer 1

adhesive polymer - medically approved, non irritant, elastic, must not react with drug
backing - impermeable reservoir must not leak
reservoir - solution or suspension - makes reservoir self replenishing.
membrane - permeable so that the drug can be released

Question 2

ADV of patch

Answer 2

weekly application, which is easier than daily pills.
can regulate cycles and reduce menstrual symptoms.

Question 3

disadvantages of patches

Answer 3

possible skin irritation
not recommended for women with certain health risk eg high BP

Question 4

describe the design of a vaginal ring

Answer 4

flexible ring which releases estrogen and progestin.
reservoir device
ovulation is inhibited and cervical mucus is altered so that it is impenetrable to sperm

Question 5

advantage of vaginal ring

Answer 5

monthly application, offering convenience
can improve menstrual cycle regularity and reduce cramps.

Question 6

disadvantage of vaginal ring

Answer 6

may cause discomfort

Question 7

describe the design of an IUD

Answer 7

small T-shaped device inserted into the uterus.
hormonal and non-hormonal

Question 8

advantage

Answer 8

long term contraception up to 10 years
minimal maintenance after insertion and highly effective.
reversible

Question 9

disadvantage of IUD

Answer 9

cause discomfort during insertion and spotting initially
may cause heavier periods or hormonal side effects.
can result in menorrhagia

Question 10

contraceptive implant

Answer 10

a small rod inserted under the skin of the upper arm that release progestin to prevent ovulation

Question 11

Advantages

Answer 11

last up to 3 years
safe for women who cannot use estrogen based contraceptives
reversible
highly effective

Question 12

disadvantages of contraceptive implant

Answer 12

can cause irregular bleeding
requires minor procedure for insertion and removal.

Question 13

condoms design

Answer 13

barrier method made of latex worn or inseted

Question 14

advantages of condoms

Answer 14

provides protection against STIs
easily accessible, inexpensive and non-hormonal

Question 15

disadvantage

Answer 15

may slip or break
some people may have allergies to latex or discomfort

Question 16

what are the 2 drug release kinetic types

Answer 16

matrix
reservoir

Question 17

describe the drug release in a matrix system

Answer 17

drug is uniformly distributed throughout the polymer matrix
rate of release is more rapid initially and slows as the concentration of the drug decreases.

Question 18

reservoir release

Answer 18

a rate limiting membrane controls release of drug from a core.
more constant release rate

Question 19

filling of hard shells

Answer 19

hard shell in two halves
filled with powder
shell is gelatine

Question 20

soft shells

Answer 20

soft polymer shell
filled with liquid - oil
shell is gelatine with plasticisers

Question 21

name the two type of pellets

Answer 21

• coated non-pareil pellets
• extruded spheronised pellets

Question 22

advanatage of using a pellet over DR and ER

Answer 22

• very reliable
  -spreads through GI tract
  -can provide mixed drug release rates
• can dose two incompatible drugs together

Question 23

advantage of coated non-pareils

Answer 23

• does not require new equipment or training
• complicated release profiles are possible

Question 24

disadvantage of coated non-pareils

Answer 24

time - especially if multi-layered - complicated process
each different layer requires validation.

Question 25

method of pellet production

Answer 25

spheronisation - spheres made from wet dough
non pareil pellets - drug layering

Question 26

method of coated non-pareils

Answer 26

• non-pareil core
  add polymer binder solution
• add drug powder
  -dry layer
  -repeat
  -coat if required
  -capsule filling
• can add ER or DR layer at any point.

Question 27

method of spheronised pellets

Answer 27

-mix drug and excipients
-wet massing
-extrusion - produce little rods like structure
-spheronisation - rods are rounded by contact with toothed plate
-drying
-coating
-capsule filling

Question 28

advantage of spheronisation

Answer 28

relatively quickly
complicated release profiles are possible

Question 29

disadvantages of spheronisation

Answer 29

cost of new capital equipment
time for development - cleaning, training