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Science of medicine > other solid dosage forms > Flashcards

other solid dosage forms Flashcards

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1
Q

list 6 solid dosage forms

A

ointments, skin patches, suppositories, pessaries, IUDs, capsules

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2
Q

stuff about ointments

A

spreadable, greasy, semisolid, contains dispersed powder and small amounts of liquid, base is a mixture of wax/fats/oils/hydrophobic

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3
Q

what are pastes

A

ointments with high powder content

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4
Q

what is the vehicle of an ointment

A

a mixture of wax/fats/oils

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5
Q

what do ointments contain

A

dispersed powder and small amounts of aqueous liquid

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6
Q

what changes when the chain length of hydrocarbons increase

A

the state changes from gas to liquid to solid as there are more intermolecular interactions like hydrophobic bonding and chain entanglement (longer chains=solid)

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7
Q

what is rancidity

A

degradation of fats and oils

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8
Q

give examples of triglycerides and state if they’re saturated or not

A

animal fats are saturated and vegetable oils are unsaturated
-ester groups hydrolyse and unsaturated bonds oxidise causing rancidity

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9
Q

properties of skin ointments

A

-traps water vapour in skin to make stratum corneum more supple
-protection from water
-delivers drug to skin (local effect)

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10
Q

properties of eye ointments

A

-longer residence time, sticks to eyelids
-sterile to prevent damaging eyes so formulation is resistant to heat

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11
Q

properties of lip balms (stiff ointments)

A

-stiffeners/hard wax
-occlusive (hydrates)
-water repellent
-uv protection can be added

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12
Q

properties of wash off ointments

A

-surfactant added so ointment can be emulsified when wet
-use macrogol as base (water soluble waxy polymer)

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13
Q

transdermal drug delivery

A

stratum corneum is barrier to drugs, only small amount of drugs get through, penetration enhancers added

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14
Q

what is added to help transdermal drug delivery

A

penetration enhancers eg. propylene glycol

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15
Q

common design of skin patch

A

backing, drug reservoir, rate controlling membrane, adhesive polymer

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16
Q

describe 3 stages of rate of drug release from skin patches

A
  1. small initial burst as drug is released from membrane
  2. depends on drug conc in reservoir, linear if reservoir is self replenishing
  3. rate decreases rapidly when patch is almost exhausted
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17
Q

design features of skin patches

A

backing- wont leak, impermeable, laminate film

reservoir- holds solution of drug, suspension of drug makes it self replenishing

membrane- permeable polymer

adhesive polymer- water resistant, elastic, easy removal, non irritating, wont react with drug

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18
Q

name solid dosage forms for insertion and where they are inserted

A

suppositories- rectum
pessaries- vagina
IUD- uterus

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19
Q

how do suppositories and pessaries release drug

A

melt, disintegrate/dissolve at body temp to release drug

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20
Q

what is an IUD

A

intrauterine device, contraceptive device for medical insertion into the uterus

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21
Q

3 types of suppositories and pessaries

A

waxy (Theobroma base/macrogols)- low mp, made by melting, adding drug then setting in a mould, releases drug by liquifying at body temp

glycerogelatin (gelatine/glycerol/water)- rubbery soft gel, melt and set in mould, aqueous base so good for water soluble drugs

tablet- immediate release, for pessaries

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22
Q

what is glycerogelatin made of

A

gelatine glycerol and water

23
Q

how are waxy suppositories/pessaries made

A

melt wax, mix drug in, set in moulds

24
Q

how do waxy suppositories/pessaries release drugs

A

liquify below body temp

25
Q

why are glycerogelatin suppositories/pessaries good for water soluble drugs

A

they have an aqueous base

26
Q

what is the base of waxy suppositories/pessaries

A

Theobroma, hard fat bp or macrogol

27
Q

problems with using theobroma

A

its a polymorph, 6 forms, if overheat then other polymorphs will form and suppositories wont set/will melt

28
Q

what is a replacement we can use instead of theobroma

A

hard fat bp, its a synthetic wax so its more reproducible

29
Q

what are macrogols and some of its issues

A

poloxyethylene, synthetic wax, long chains are solid, hydrophilic base for water soluble drugs, not very stable, easily oxidised and splits polymer chain

30
Q

describe the 2 types of capsules

A

hard capsules- hard polymer shell in 2 halves filled with IR powder and the other with DR and ER, gelatin shell

soft capsule- soft polymer shell, filled with liquid, shell is gelatin with plasticisers

31
Q

advantages of using gelatin

A

strong thin film, flexible, tough, resists impact, easily dissolve in stomach, mouldable, cheap

32
Q

issues with gelatin

A

-its a protein so is hydrophilic so shell will need to be protected from extreme environments
-some drugs can crosslink the polymer chains causing it to release contents more slowly
-animal product (vegans, religious reasons)

33
Q

what happens to gelatin in high humidity

A

shell gains moisture and softens and microbes grow on surface

34
Q

what happens to gelatin in dry and hot environments

A

shell loses moisture and becomes brittle and shatters

35
Q

what can hard capsules be filled with

A

(almost anything) powder, granules, small tablets, coated pellets, solid wax and more

36
Q

what can soft capsules be filled with

A

oils, solution of drugs, suspension of drugs (the liquid vehicle cant plasticise/dehydrate/interact with gelatin shell), light sensitive drugs (protected by colouring shell opaque with TiO2)

37
Q

types of pellets

A

-coated non pareil pellets
-extruded spheronised pellets (spheres made from particle dough)

-both processes originated from food industries

38
Q

are pellets often used for oral IR DR or ER capsules

A

DR/ER

39
Q

advantages of pellets over tablets

A

-reliable, if one unit fails it wont cause dose dumping
-stomach empties them as a liquid so theres no delay in gastric emptying
-spreads through GI tract so theres less localised irritation
-can provide mixed drug release (IR and ER for example)
-can use 2 incompatible drugs together

40
Q

internal structure of coated non pareil pellets

A

non pareil core- sugars/strach/cellulose

layers of drug wiht poleymer binder- PVP, HPMC

polymer film coat- DR, ER (optional)

41
Q

internal structure of extrude spheronised pellets

A

uniform mix of drugs and excipients- MCC, polymer binder, drug

polymer film coat- DR, ER

42
Q

manufacture of coated non pareil pellets

A

non pareil cores, add polymer binder, add drug powder, dry layer, repeat (drug layering), coating, capsule fill, packing

43
Q

what is drug layering

A

process that builds repeated layers onto the core in a sugar coating pan, stops when the correct weight of coating has been added

44
Q

advantages and disadvantages of coated non pareil pellets

A

advantages- no new equipment needed, complex release profiles can be made (DR layers/ ER layers in combo)

disadvantages- time consuming when multi-layered, complex process, each layer needs to be checked

45
Q

manufacture of extruded spheronised pellets

A

mix drug and excipients, wet massing, extrusion, spheronisation, dry, coating, capsule fill, packing

46
Q

what is wet massing

A

same as wet granulation but add more liquid to make a dough

47
Q

what is extrusion

A

making short rode from wet dough (sprinkles)
-hollow cylinder with holes, wet mass extrude through the holes to form rods

48
Q

what is spheronisation

A

rounding the rods in spheres
-use a spheroniser, moist extrudate rods and rounded by contact with a spinning plate

49
Q

advantages and disadvantages of extruded spheronised pellets

A

advantages- quick process, complicated release profiles can be made

disadvantages- expensive new equipment needed, time for development

50
Q

describe a good and bad extrudate (rod)

A

good- smooth cylinder with uniform lengths

bad- too wet/sticky, rough surface, uneven lengths, dry/crumbly

51
Q

what are extrudates

A

the rods formed from extrudation

52
Q

describe a good and bad sphere formed from spheronisation

A

good- round, uniform diameter

bad- agglomerations in spheroniser (spheres clump together), widely different diameters, friability, incomplete rounding (ovals)

53
Q

what is used to coat pellets and list feature of it

A

wuster coater/bottom spray, used to coat any particulates
-wurster insert, spray gun, warm air in, mesh

Science of medicine (7 decks)

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