other senses Flashcards
Sounds
Produce vibrations in air molecules
Pinna
the outer ear
Shape provides cues about direction and distance of sound
From these sound waves we detect:
Loudness - in decibels
Pitch - in hertz
Timbre
Tympanic membrane
The eardrum
Ear Canal
Auditory canal; leads from pinna to the tympanic membrane
Ossicles
connect the tympanic membrane to the inner ear (oval window)
* Malleus/hammer
* Incus/anvil
* Stapes/stirrup
Oval window
Opening from middle ear
to inner ear
Cochlea
Snail-shaped structure that contains the primary receptor cells for hearing.
Contains three parallel canals:
* Scala vestibuli (vestibular canal)
* Scala media (middle canal)
* Scala tympani (tympanic canal)
Scala media
ontains the organ of Corti
* Converts vibration to neural activity
Transduction
happens in the organ of corti within the cochlea
Basilar (bottom) membrane
Membrane in which hair cells are embedded
Tectorial (top) membrane
Membrane that rests on the hair cells
Receptors of the auditory system
hair cells
Conduction deafness
Damage to ossicles, usually fusion
Sensorineural deafness
Damage to or destruction of the hair cells
Central deafness
Damage to auditory cortex leading to processing issues
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
Crucial for balance, planning
movement, and smoothly directing sensory organs toward specific locations
Inability to smell
called anosmia
Most commonly caused by the shearing of the olfactory nerves when there has been a blow to the head
Inability to taste
called ageusia
Partial ageusia sometimes observed after damage to the ear on the same side
where are tastebuds located?
around papillae
5 primary tastes
Sweet
Sour
Bitter
Salty
Umami
metabotropic tastes
Sweet, bitter, and umam
ionotropic tastes
Salty and sour
how many olfactory
receptor neurons?
6 million
100s-1000s of receptor proteins
GPCRs
