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Impact biomechanics TME196 > Other questions > Flashcards

Other questions Flashcards

1
Q

What mechanical properties does skin have?

A

Nonlinear, anisotropic, viscoelastic and various fiber orientation

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2
Q

What are the mechanical properties of bone?

A

Anisotropic, inhomogenous, nonlinear and viscoelastic

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3
Q

What kind of fibrous joints exists?

A

Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

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4
Q

What kind of cartilaginous?? joints exists?

A

Synchonodroses, symphyses

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5
Q

What functions does muscle have?

A

Movement, protection, posture, stabilises and heat

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6
Q

What functions does the skeleton have?

A

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage and blood cell formation

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7
Q

What is the function of skin?

A

Defence from external, control water loss, insulation, temperature regulation

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8
Q

Describe difference between tendons and ligaments

A

Tendon: between muscle and bone, more collagen than elastin
Ligaments: between bones, more elastin than tendon

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9
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Binding and support: Tendon and ligament, Cartilage and bone
Protection: Skin, fibrous capsules
Insulation: Fat
Transportation: Blood

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10
Q

What kind of muscles exists?

A

Skeletal (Largest muscle group)
Cardiac (Heart)
Smooth (Inner organs)

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11
Q

What are the most common VRU injuries?

A

Head, legs and chest

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12
Q

Give examples of injury reduction strategies for VRUs

A

Reduce aggressiveness of front, reduce exposure, active hood, A-pillar airbag, reduce speed

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13
Q

What is the most exposed area for elderly?

A

Thorax

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14
Q

What are the three different injury mechanism for the thorax?

A

Elastic, Viscous and Inertial

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15
Q

Give examples of general injury reduction strategies

A

Exposure control, crash prevention, behaviour changes, injury control, post injury management

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16
Q

What does NIC take into account?

A

Relative speed and acc between head and neck

17
Q

What is the severity of WAD determined by?

A

Closing speed, vehicle masses, bumper stiffness and bumper elasticity

18
Q

What does Nij take into account?

A

Extension and flexion in tension and compression in the neck

19
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Alveoli flooded with fluid

20
Q

What can injury risk function be used for?

A

Relate input of load measurement to failure risk

21
Q

Mention issues with crash data

A

Access limited, need to understand datasources and sampling, variable definitions, underreporting (can bias result)

22
Q

What are the functions of the brain stem?

A

Regulates heart beat, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, digestion

23
Q

How many fatalities occur in traffic each year?

A

1.24 million

24
Q

What are the functions of muscles?

A

Produce forces, heat, protection, posture and stabilises

25
Q

What is left censoring vs right censoring?

A

Left=data point is below a certain value but is unknown by how much=injury test (can also be exact)
Right=data point is above a certain value but is unknown by how much=non-injury test
Interval censoring=data point is somewhere on an interval between two values

26
Q

What is crashworthiness=

A

Ability of a vehicle to absorb energy and distribute this over time
Ability of the vehicle to keep occupant compartment intact

27
Q

What is the main principle for restraining a car occupant?

A

The “stiffness” of the restraint must not exceed that of the occupant’s body region it restrains during a collision

28
Q

What are the two approaches to estimate crash severity?

A

Momentum and energy

29
Q

What is compatibility of vehicles influenced by (in frontal crashes)?

A

Vehicle mass, structural interaction and compartment strength

30
Q

What are the phases during a VRU accident?

A

Primary impact, flight phase, secondary impact and sliding phase

31
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Protection, absorption, filtration, transcellular transport, secretion, excretion and sensory reception

32
Q

What is the most severe skull fracture?

A

Basilar

33
Q

What types of accidents are thorax injuries common in?

A

Side and frontal

34
Q

What organs are most easily injured?

A

Solid

Impact biomechanics TME196 (3 decks)

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