Other questions Flashcards
If you were to place an implant what type would you choose?
Screw retained cylindrical titanium endosseus implant.
(there are now other biocompatible materials such as Zirconium that are sometimes used). Have a passivation layer so that contact is never made between the titanium and the host.
What are your other options for replacing missing teeth?
- No replacement
- Denture
- Bridgework
- Implant supported prosthesis
- Transplantation
What is caries?
Dental caries is caused by the action of acids on the enamel surface. The acid is produced when sugars (mainly sucrose) in foods or drinks react with bacteria present in the dental biofilm (plaque) on the tooth surface. The acid produced leads to a loss of calcium and phosphate from the enamel; this process is called demineralisation.
Saliva acts to dilute and neutralise the acid which causes demineralisation and is an important natural defence against caries. Aside from buffering plaque acids and halting the demineralisation of enamel, saliva provides a reservoir of minerals adjacent to the enamel from which it can remineralise and “heal” once the acids have been neutralised. The enamel demineralises and remineralises many times during the course of a day. It is when this balance is upset and demineralisation exceeds remineralisation that caries progresses. When demineralisation occurs frequently and exceeds remineralisation over many months, there is a breakdown of the enamel surface leading to a cavity. Cavities, even in children who do not yet have their permanent teeth, can have serious and lasting complications such as pain, tooth abscess, tooth loss, broken teeth, chewing problems and serious infection.
What are the two types of inhaler?
Inhalers contain either short-acting or long-acting medicines. Short-acting medicines relax and open the breathing tubes in the lungs. These are called rescue inhalers because they work quickly and help “rescue” a person if breathing suddenly becomes difficult. Long-acting inhalers are used daily. They help control asthma and prevent symptoms from occurring. These are called maintenance inhalers because the medicine works more slowly but lasts much longer. Maintenance inhalers do not work to treat sudden symptoms.
What colour is a maintenance/preventative inhaler?
Brown. It’s Beclometasone which is a form of steroid frequently used in brown preventative inhalers. Preventative inhalers work over a long period of time, reducing the sensitivity and swelling of the airways, and reducing the chance of serious asthma attacks.
What are the side effects of preventative inhalers?
These side effects can include a sore tongue, hoarseness of voice, and a mouth infection called thrush. The likelihood of developing these symptoms can be reduced by rinsing out your mouth and brushing your teeth after using your preventative inhaler. Using a spacer can also help reduce the risk of oral thrush.
There is a chance that high-dosage use of preventative inhalers can have longer term effects, and cause more serious problems associated with steroids. These include a very slight increased risk of developing cataracts in elderly people who have inhaled steroids. Children should also be monitored carefully, especially for growth.
What are the side effects of using a relief inhaler?
There is a minimal chance of experiencing side effects when taking a relief inhaler as prescribed. However some side effects have been recorded. The most common side effect of salbutamol is tremors, with one in ten people experiencing symptoms. Less frequent symptoms, with one in a hundred people affected are increased heart rate, palpitations, headaches and muscle cramps.
What are the different types of drugs used to treat depression?
There are many different types of drugs used in the treatment of depression, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), atypical antidepressants, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
What are some examples of SSRI’s?
Fluoxetine (Prozac) Fluvoxamine (Luvox) Sertraline (Zoloft) Paroxetine (Paxil) Escitalopram (Lexapro) Citalopram (Celexa)
Is amalgam dangerous?
Extensive research has shown that there is no valid scientific evidence to support a link between the presence of amalgam fillings in the mouth and systemic disease. A safety review (2008) conducted by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) of the European Commission confirmed that both mercury amalgam and alternative filling materials such as composite resins, glass ionomer cements, ceramics and gold alloys are safe to use for restoring teeth. Nonetheless the Minamata Convention on Mercury (2013) includes agreement to a global phase-down of the use of dental fillings containing mercury amalgam taking into account the domestic circumstances of individual countries. The need to ensure environmentally sound storage and final disposal of the product was also agreed.
How does fluoride help?
Fluoride works mainly by slowing down the process of demineralisation, whereby the enamel loses calcium and phosphate when exposed to acid following ingestion of food and drinks which contain sugars. It also helps to “heal” (remineralise) surfaces which show early signs of calcium or phosphate loss, such as an opaque appearance. Most benefit is obtained if a low level of fluoride is constantly maintained in the mouth throughout the day.
What are tricyclic antidepressants?
Tricyclics are among the oldest antidepressants. They work by inhibiting the brain’s reuptake or serotonin and norepinephrine. They also partially inhibit the reabsorption of dopamine.
Because the tricyclics have such a broad mechanism of action, they tend to cause more side effects than the other classes of antidepressants. For this reason, the SSRIs and the atypical antidepressants are usually prescribed first.
What is ramipril?
Ramipril (Altace) is an ACE inhibitor. ACE stands for angiotensin converting enzyme.
Ramipril is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) or congestive heart failure, and to improve survival after a heart attack.
What is atorvastatin?
Atorvastatin is in a group of drugs called HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, or “statins.” Atorvastatin reduces levels of “bad” cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein, or LDL) and triglycerides in the blood, while increasing levels of “good” cholesterol (high-density lipoprotein, or HDL).
Atorvastatin is used to treat high cholesterol, and to lower the risk of stroke, heart attack, or other heart complications in people with type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, or other risk factors.
What is the gag (pharyngeal) reflex?
The pharyngeal reflex or gag reflex (also known as a laryngeal spasm) is a reflex contraction of the back of the throat, evoked by touching the roof of the mouth, the back of the tongue, the area around the tonsils, the uvula, and the back of the throat. It, along with other aero digestive reflexes such as reflexive pharyngeal swallowing, prevents something from entering the throat except as part of normal swallowing and helps prevent choking.
Mediated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (9) for sensory and vagus nerve (10) for motor.
Can also be psychological or a mixture of psychological and physiological.
