Other Notes 2019 Review Flashcards
Sodium affects
normal osmolarity
what do cephalosporins attack
T-lymphocytes
lymphocytes work mainly by
antigen-antibody complexes
what kind of solution are lactated ringers and D5W?
isotonic
when does Normal P50 occur
50% saturation and 27 mmHg pO2
what does an increase in p50 mean?
less affinity for hgb for O2
more delivered to tissues
what is p50
the O2 tension when 50% hgb is saturated at 37 degrees, PCO2 is 40 and pH is 7.4
what does an increased affinity mean?
it is harder for hgb to give up oxygen to tissues
surface of a platelet has what kind of charge
negative
where is insulin
in the beta cells which is located in the islets of langerhans in the pancreas
primary antihypertensive effect of diuretics is
decreased blood volume
what is not a factor of heart failure
dieresis
what do hypotonic solutions cause cells to do
swell up and lose hgb
sodium potassium pump causes
3 Na pumped out, 2 K pumped into cell
what is carbonic anhydrase
the enzyme that speeds up CO2 and H2O reactions
aerobic metabolism =
glycolysis
krebscycle
36 ATP
anaerobic metabolism
glycolysis
fermentation of pyruvate
lactic acid
2 ATP
what would a shift to the right on the hgb oxygen dissociation curve have?
decreased o2 affinity
decreased pH
increase pCO2
increase temperature
increased 2 3 DPG
a shift to the left on the hgb oxygen dissociation curve would have
increased O2 affinity
increased pH
decreased pCO2
decreased temperature
decreased 2,3 DPG
what does 2,3 DPG allow hgb to do?
release O2 to the tissues more easily
in patients with chronic hypoxic condition, which way is the oxyhemoglobin dissociated curve shifted?
to the right by increased 2,3 DPG levels
Crystalloid should be ___ to prevent edema of CPB
hypertonic
what are some hypertonic solutions
D50 and 3% NaCl
what do hypertonic solutions cause?
crenation (H2O out), which is a process resulting from osmosis in which red blood cells, in a hypertonic solution, undergo shrinkage and acquire. notched or scalloped surface
what is osmosis
movement of water across a semipermeable membrane
the most common bacterial pneumonia is caused by
staphylococcus aureus
three main CO2 transport in blood are
CO2 dissolved physically in blood
CO2 bound to hemoglobin
CO2 transported as bicarbonate ions
the normal hyperbaric chamber pressure is
6 atmospheres
complications of hyperbaric chamber
convulsions
what is the unit for BSA
M^2
what does surfactant do
decrease surface tension
if the diffusion coefficient for O2 is 1, the diffusion coefficient for CO2 is
20.3
the primary structural unit of proteins are
L-amino acids
what do transfusion reactions cause
hemolysis
RBC of the recipient or donor agglutinate
hemolytic homologous transfusion risks are due to
low antibody titer
what can hyponatremia cause
arrhythmias and neurological problems
acid is a ____ donor
proton donor (H+)
what is the most abundant element in the universe
hydrogen
LDL quantitation is used in predicting what
the risk of CAD
what is CO
the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute
increased CO may indicate
high circulating volume
decreased cardiac output indicates
a decrease in circulation volume or a decrease in the strength of ventricular contraction
CVP readings are used to approximate
the right ventricular end diastolic pressure
Low CVP values typically reflect
hypovolemia or decreased venous return
high CVP values reflect
overhydration
increased venous return
right sided cardiac failure
what is afterload
the resistance the LV must overcome to eject blood from the heart
what is after load measure by
the systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
what is preload
occurs during diastole
combination of pulmonary blood filling the atria and the stretching of myocardial fibers
what does an increased pulmonary artery pressure indicate?
left to right cardiac shunt
PA hypertension
COPD or emphysema
pulmonary embolus
pulmonary edema
left ventricular failure
what is stroke volume (SV)
the amount of blood pumped by the heart per cardiac cycle
measured in ml/beat
a decrease in SV may indicate
impaired cardiac contractility or valve dysfunction and may result in heart failure
an increased SV may be caused by
an increase in circulating volume or an increase in inotropy
what is systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
the measurement of resistance or impediment of the systemic vascular bed to blood flo w
an increased SVR can be caused by
vasoconstrictors
hypovolemia
late septic shock
a decreased SVR can be caused by
early septic shock
vasodilators
morphine
nitrates
hypercarbia
