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Cardiopulmonary Bypass Notes (Boards) > Other Notes 2019 Review > Flashcards

Other Notes 2019 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Sodium affects

A

normal osmolarity

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2
Q

what do cephalosporins attack

A

T-lymphocytes

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3
Q

lymphocytes work mainly by

A

antigen-antibody complexes

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4
Q

what kind of solution are lactated ringers and D5W?

A

isotonic

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5
Q

when does Normal P50 occur

A

50% saturation and 27 mmHg pO2

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6
Q

what does an increase in p50 mean?

A

less affinity for hgb for O2
more delivered to tissues

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7
Q

what is p50

A

the O2 tension when 50% hgb is saturated at 37 degrees, PCO2 is 40 and pH is 7.4

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8
Q

what does an increased affinity mean?

A

it is harder for hgb to give up oxygen to tissues

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9
Q

surface of a platelet has what kind of charge

A

negative

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10
Q

where is insulin

A

in the beta cells which is located in the islets of langerhans in the pancreas

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11
Q

primary antihypertensive effect of diuretics is

A

decreased blood volume

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12
Q

what is not a factor of heart failure

A

dieresis

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13
Q

what do hypotonic solutions cause cells to do

A

swell up and lose hgb

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14
Q

sodium potassium pump causes

A

3 Na pumped out, 2 K pumped into cell

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15
Q

what is carbonic anhydrase

A

the enzyme that speeds up CO2 and H2O reactions

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16
Q

aerobic metabolism =

A

glycolysis
krebscycle
36 ATP

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17
Q

anaerobic metabolism

A

glycolysis
fermentation of pyruvate
lactic acid
2 ATP

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18
Q

what would a shift to the right on the hgb oxygen dissociation curve have?

A

decreased o2 affinity
decreased pH
increase pCO2
increase temperature
increased 2 3 DPG

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19
Q

a shift to the left on the hgb oxygen dissociation curve would have

A

increased O2 affinity
increased pH
decreased pCO2
decreased temperature
decreased 2,3 DPG

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20
Q

what does 2,3 DPG allow hgb to do?

A

release O2 to the tissues more easily

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21
Q

in patients with chronic hypoxic condition, which way is the oxyhemoglobin dissociated curve shifted?

A

to the right by increased 2,3 DPG levels

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22
Q

Crystalloid should be ___ to prevent edema of CPB

A

hypertonic

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23
Q

what are some hypertonic solutions

A

D50 and 3% NaCl

24
Q

what do hypertonic solutions cause?

A

crenation (H2O out), which is a process resulting from osmosis in which red blood cells, in a hypertonic solution, undergo shrinkage and acquire. notched or scalloped surface

25
Q

what is osmosis

A

movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

26
Q

the most common bacterial pneumonia is caused by

A

staphylococcus aureus

27
Q

three main CO2 transport in blood are

A

CO2 dissolved physically in blood
CO2 bound to hemoglobin
CO2 transported as bicarbonate ions

28
Q

the normal hyperbaric chamber pressure is

A

6 atmospheres

29
Q

complications of hyperbaric chamber

A

convulsions

30
Q

what is the unit for BSA

A

M^2

31
Q

what does surfactant do

A

decrease surface tension

32
Q

if the diffusion coefficient for O2 is 1, the diffusion coefficient for CO2 is

A

20.3

33
Q

the primary structural unit of proteins are

A

L-amino acids

34
Q

what do transfusion reactions cause

A

hemolysis
RBC of the recipient or donor agglutinate

35
Q

hemolytic homologous transfusion risks are due to

A

low antibody titer

36
Q

what can hyponatremia cause

A

arrhythmias and neurological problems

37
Q

acid is a ____ donor

A

proton donor (H+)

38
Q

what is the most abundant element in the universe

A

hydrogen

39
Q

LDL quantitation is used in predicting what

A

the risk of CAD

40
Q

what is CO

A

the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

41
Q

increased CO may indicate

A

high circulating volume

42
Q

decreased cardiac output indicates

A

a decrease in circulation volume or a decrease in the strength of ventricular contraction

43
Q

CVP readings are used to approximate

A

the right ventricular end diastolic pressure

44
Q

Low CVP values typically reflect

A

hypovolemia or decreased venous return

45
Q

high CVP values reflect

A

overhydration
increased venous return
right sided cardiac failure

46
Q

what is afterload

A

the resistance the LV must overcome to eject blood from the heart

47
Q

what is after load measure by

A

the systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

48
Q

what is preload

A

occurs during diastole
combination of pulmonary blood filling the atria and the stretching of myocardial fibers

49
Q

what does an increased pulmonary artery pressure indicate?

A

left to right cardiac shunt
PA hypertension
COPD or emphysema
pulmonary embolus
pulmonary edema
left ventricular failure

50
Q

what is stroke volume (SV)

A

the amount of blood pumped by the heart per cardiac cycle
measured in ml/beat

51
Q

a decrease in SV may indicate

A

impaired cardiac contractility or valve dysfunction and may result in heart failure

52
Q

an increased SV may be caused by

A

an increase in circulating volume or an increase in inotropy

53
Q

what is systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

A

the measurement of resistance or impediment of the systemic vascular bed to blood flo w

54
Q

an increased SVR can be caused by

A

vasoconstrictors
hypovolemia
late septic shock

55
Q

a decreased SVR can be caused by

A

early septic shock
vasodilators
morphine
nitrates
hypercarbia

Cardiopulmonary Bypass Notes (Boards) (3 decks)

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