Other key terms

Question 1

Arachnoid

Answer 1

one of the three meninges, the protective membranes that cover the brain. Located between dura and pia

Question 2

Basal ganglia

Answer 2

Location:The basal ganglia is located deep within the cerebral hemispheres.

Function: Gate motor commands and to facilitate simple forms of learning. Also influences motivation, emotion, and decision making.

Question 3

Caudate

Answer 3

One of three basic structures that make up the basal ganglia.

Together with the putamen, they are known collectively as the striatum.

The zones receiving the main inputs to the basal ganglia

Question 4

Central Sulcus

Answer 4

Separates the parietal lobe from the frontal and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex

Question 5

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Answer 5

Fills subarachnoid space and ventricles. CSF protects the brain against trauma

Question 6

Cingulate Gyrus

Answer 6

The gyrus that surrounds the corpus callosum. Contributes to emotion and social cognition

Question 7

Dura

Answer 7

Outermost meninge, one of the three protective membranes that cover the brain

Question 8

Fourth Ventricle

Answer 8

larger space in the dorsal pons and medulla. Narrows caudally to form the central canal of the spinal cord

Question 9

Globus Pallidus

Answer 9

This and the striatum, make up the basal ganglia.

Is the output nucleus of the basal ganglia and modulates the activity of cortical neurons via a relay through the thalamus

Question 10

Gyrus & Sulcus

Answer 10

bumpy bits and inny bits of the cortex

Question 11

Hippocampus

Answer 11

Location: medial portion of the temporal lobe

Function: concerned with declarative memory

Question 12

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

Answer 12

Major target of the retinal ganglion cells.

Located in the thalamus.

Consists of two magnocellular system layers and four parvocellular systems

Question 13

Lateral Ventricle

Answer 13

Largest of the ventricles, best seen in frontal sections, where their ventral surfade is defined by the basal ganglia, dorsal surface by the corpus callosum, and medial surface by the septum pellucidum.

Question 14

Limbic system

Answer 14

Made up of the Cingulate gyrus, amygdala, striatum, and hippocampus Emotions

Question 15

Magnocellular

Answer 15

Large neurons. Along with larger M retinal ganglion cells, they innervate in the thalamus, process information about changes in stimuli (Motion perception)

Question 16

Motor system

Answer 16

Consists of upper motor neurons in the cortex and brainstem, lower motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem, the cerebellum, and basal ganglia

Question 17

Motor Cortex

Answer 17

Location: frontal lobe on the cortex of the precentral gyrus.

Function: planning, initiating, and directing voluntary movements

Question 18

Neocortex

Answer 18

cognition, including perception, planning, reasoning

Question 19

Optic Chiasm

Answer 19

Location: Central region of the ventral surface of the forebrain

Function: the crossing of optic nerve axons from the nasal portions of the retinas such that the temporal visual fields are represented in the contralateral cerebral hemispheres

Question 20

Optic Nerve

Answer 20

bundle of nerves attached to each eye

Question 21

Optic Tract

Answer 21

visual information from each visual field going from the optic chiasm to the LGN

Question 22

Parvocellular

Answer 22

smaller, less dense layer of neurons. Along with smaller P ganglion cells, concerned with spatial detail of forms (object perception), brightness and color.

Question 23

Pia

Answer 23

Innermost meninge, one of the three protective membranes that cover the brain

Question 24

Postcentral Gyrus

Answer 24

Primary somatosensory cortex. Brodmann Area

Question 25

Precentral Gyrus

Answer 25

Location: frontal lobe.

Function: location of the motor cortex.

Question 26

Primary Visual Cortex

Answer 26

Location: primarily in the calcarine cortex

Function: processes visual information. Receptive fields, adaptation, tuning curve. Relay through thalamus, Topographic, hierarchical & parallel processing in visual cortex. Also called VI or ‘striate’.

Question 27

Primaty Auditory Cortex

Answer 27

Located on the insula, topographically organized

Question 28

Putamen

Answer 28

One of three basic structures that make up the basal ganglia.Together with the caudate, they are known collectively as the striatum. The zones receiving the main inputs to the basal ganglia

Question 29

Retina

Answer 29

Light-sensitive layer of tissue inside the eye that contains the photo receptor cells rods and cones. Individual neurons have receptive fields (region of space where each responds to visual stimuli). Eash retina sees entire visual field.

Question 30

Secondary auditory cortex

Answer 30

Higher order processing (speech), Wernicke’s area (receptive aphasia)

Question 31

Somatosensory Cortex

Answer 31

Location: parietal lobe on the postcentral gyrus. Topographically organized

Function: processes somatic senses (touch, proprioception)

Question 32

Striate Cortex

Answer 32

Also called VI or primary visual cortex, located primarily in calcarin cortex, topographically organized, processes information hierarchically and in parallel.

Question 33

Striatum

Answer 33

Made up of the caudate and putamen, nearly all cortical areas project to the basal ganglia through the striatum. Activation inhibits the globus pallidus, releasing the thalamus and its cortical targets from tonic inhibition.

Question 34

Substantia Nigra

Answer 34

A nucleaus at the base of the midbrain that recieves input from a number of cortical and subcortical structures. The dopaminergic cells of the substantia nigra send their output to the caudate of putamen (subcomponent controls saccadic eye movement)

Question 35

Thalamus

Answer 35

Location: End of brainstem

Function: Relay station for sensory/motor processing; “grand central station” of the brain

Question 36

Third Ventricle

Answer 36

Forms a narrow midline space between the right and left thalamus, communicates with the lateral ventricles through a small opening, and is continuous caudally with the cerebral aqueduct, which runs through the midbrain

Question 37

Ventricles

Answer 37

The ventricles are filled with CSF and the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles are the sites of the choroid plexus, which produces this fluid. No obvious function other than circulation of CSF

Question 38

Huntington’s disease

Answer 38

striatum is way over active.