Other hormones

Question 1

Insulin

Answer 1

• Produced by the pancreatic β cells
• Helps regulate blood glucose levels by LOWERING blood glucose levels.

Question 2

Glucagon

Answer 2

• Produced by the pancreatic α cells
• Helps regulate blood glucose levels by RAISING blood glucose levels.

Question 3

Insulin

Answer 3

hypoglycemic agent

Question 4

❖The following hormones RAISE blood glucose levels:

Answer 4

• Glucagon
• Cortisol
• Epinepherine
• Thyroxine
• GH/somatotropin

Question 5

Mature Insulin

Answer 5

• Insulin start as the single chain Proinsulin
• Poly peptide with two subunits (α&β)
• During Storage, C-peptide is removed
• No evidence for cleavage after secretion

Question 6

Stimuli for Insulin secretion

Answer 6

1. Blood Glucose
2. Amino acids: All AA are not equal, Arginine is best
3. Autonomic influences: vagal stimulation increases insulin secretion
4. Paracrine or Intra Islet Control: Somatostain (δ cell) inhibits the secretion of both
   insulin and glucagon.

Question 7

Effects of Insulin

Answer 7

1. Transport of Glucose into cells by facilitate diffusion
2. Glucose utilization
3. Glycogen synthesis
4. AA transport by an active transport mechanism
5. Protein synthesis
6. FA transport
7. Lipogenesis
8. K+ & Mg++ transport

Question 8

Tissue-specific effects of Insulin

Answer 8

❖Muscle: stimulate glycogen & protein synthesis
❖Adipose: stimulate lipogenesis & inhibits lipolysis
❖Liver: stimulate glycogen synthesis (first), then lipogenesis

Question 9

Stimuli for the release of glucagon

Answer 9

1. Plasma glucose:
2. Amino acid: An increased plasma amino acid stimulates an
   increase in glucagon release.
3. Autonomic nervous system
4. Circulating ketones

Question 10

Effects of glucagon

Answer 10

1. Glycogenolysis (primarily in liver)
2. Gluconeogenesis
3. Hormone sensitive lipase
4. Stimulate insulin release
5. Has inotropic effect on the heart

Question 11

Serotonin Active form

Answer 11

5-hydroxytryptamine

Question 12

Serotonin serves as a

Answer 12

Neurotransmittor and as * as a modulator of vascular & GI functions

Question 13

Serotonin is produced

Answer 13

Serotonin produced in the:
* Intestinal enterochromaffin cells
* In the central/peripheral neurons.

Question 14

Serotonin is deaminated to

Answer 14

Serotonin is deaminated to 5-hydroxyindoleactic acid (5-HIAA)
which is the main urinary excretion product of serotonin
metabolism.

Question 15

Gastrin Produced and stored mainly by

Answer 15

• the endocrine cells of the antral (pyloric)
  mucosa (Stomach)
• the proximal Duodenum (to a lesser
  extent)
  the cells of the Pancreatic islets.

Question 16

Gastrin is transported via

Answer 16

transported via the blood through the liver
to the parietal cells of the stomach.

Question 17

Gastrin functions

Answer 17

• Stimulates secretion of gastric acid,
• Stimulates secretion of gastric pepsinogens & intrinsic factor (IF),
• ## Stimulates secretion of pancreatic HCO3, enzymes, and hepatic bile,
• Increases gastric/intestinal motility,
• Mucosal growth
• Blood flow to the stomach.

Question 18

Gastrin

Zollinger-Ellson syndrome

Answer 18

a condition in which there is increased production of the Gastrin.
* A small tumor (gastrinoma) in the pancreas or small intestine
produces the high levels of gastrin in the blood

Question 19

Sex steroids

Answer 19

Synthesized from cholesterol in the ovaries, testes and adrenal
glands.
Once in the blood, they reversibly bind to sex-hormone binding
globulin (SHBG)
Roughly 1-2% of the sex hormones are in the free form.

Question 20

Estrogens subtypes

Answer 20

• Estradiol (E2): predominant estrogen in non pregnant females
• Estrone (E1): metabolic product of estradiol
• Estriol (E3): only produced in significant amounts during pregnancy.

Question 21

Estrogens are

Answer 21

steroid sex hormones derived from the ovarian follicle &
adrenal glands

Question 22

Estrogens function

Answer 22

• Estrogens promote the secondary sexual characteristic changes in the
  female
  !hair distribution, fat distribution, breast development
• Estrogens responsible for the follicular phase changes in the uterus.

Question 23

Estrogen has what effect

Answer 23

Estrogen has local effect
that improve growth follicular cell

Question 24

LH

Question 25

FSH

Question 26

Progesterone is involved in the

Answer 26

involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis

Question 27

Progesterone is what type of hormone.

Answer 27

Progesterone is a steroid hormone (C-21)

Question 28

Progesterone is primarily a and is seen in very high levels in

Answer 28

Primarily a female sex hormone (corpus luteum) ❖Very high levels seen in pregnancy (due to placental synthesis) which helps suppress pituitary hormones to prevent menstruation during pregnancy

Question 29

Progesterone functions

Answer 29

* Growth & Vascularization of uterine lining in preparation for implantation of a fertilized ovum. involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis Often measured with LH, FSH, Estrogen, and Prolactin to evaluate female infertility and dysmenorrhea

Question 30

Androgens are

Answer 30

Adrenal androgens are steroid sex hormones synthesized from cholesterol by the adrenal cortex and testes. aka Testosterone

Question 31

Androgens Testosterone is what androgen cell

Answer 31

the chief male androgen (testes) / (adrenal gland, 5%) * production increases at puberty

Question 32

Androgens function Testosterone

Answer 32

* Maturation of secondary sexual characteristics ! muscles & bone development, deep voice, hair distribution * Male reproductive system * Genital, prostate, and larynx including hypertrophy of larynx * initiation of spermatogenesis.

Question 33

HCG test

Answer 33

Serum or Urine β-hCG tests for presence of placenta = pregnancy test * HCG is a dipeptide hormone; the α peptide is the similar to LH, TSH, FSH and other hormones, but the β peptide is unique; ∴ use immunoassay whose antibody is specific for the β peptide. ❖During the first trimester, serum hCG level doubles every 2 days reflecting growth and healthy development of the placenta.

Question 34

HCG test what stays constant Increase in Beta HCG in the absence of pregnancy indicates what

Answer 34

Tumors Immediately HCG levels stays constant after pregnancy until delivery