Other bits and bobs Flashcards
Hormone profile of Klinefelter’s
Low testosterone, high SHBG, high FSH and LH
Treatment for Actinomyces
Penicillin G
Stages of syphilis
Primary: chancre (indurated painless ulcer)
Secondary: fever, malaise, rash, mouth ulcers, condylomata lata
Latent: not sexually transmissible
Tertiary: Gumma, charcot’s joints
Quaternary: Neurosyphilis, cardiovascular complications
Antibody-antigen complexes activate which pathway of complement?
Classical
Treatment for syphyilis
Penicillin G (IV)
Day of division for twins
DCDA = day 3 (morula)
MCDA = day 4-8 (blastocyst)
MCMA = day 9-12
Conjoint = 12+
Features of Conn’s syndrome
Hypernatraemia, hypokalaemia and alkalosis (increased aldosterone)
Blood gas findings in PE
Hypoxia, hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis
DKA blood gas
Low pH, normal K+, low bicarbonate, increased anion gap
Cytokines associated with Th1 and Th2
Th1 produces cytokines TNF-alpha, IFN-y and IL-2
Th2 produce cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10 and IL-13
3 types of professional APCs
Dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells
Liver and biliary system and differentiated through the invagination of which structure?
Septum transversum
Embryological origin of skeletal muscle (except skull)
Paraxial mesoderm
JVP abnormality in AF
Absent A wave (A wave in JVP = P wave in ECG)
At what gestation are the fetal consequences of toxoplasmosis more severe?
<10 weeks (maternal-fetal transmission risk increases as the pregnancy progresses but the consequences become less severe)
What is the most common Type II congenital thrombophilia?
Factor V leiden mutation
Difference between type I and type II coagulation disorders
Type I = deficient anticoagulation factors
Type II = excessive coagulation factors
Features of mucinous cystadenomas
Usually large
Multilocular
Thin walled septa
Locules may vary in echogenecity due to variation in fluid content
Classic signs of Wolff Parkinson White syndrome on ECG
Short PR and delta waves
Which hormones stimulate ductal moprhogenesis during pregnancy?
Oestrogen and GH
Which hormones stimulate alveolar morphogenesis during pregnancy?
Progesterone, prolactin and hPL
What molecules generate weak forces that can attract neutrophils to cell walls?
Selectins
Target HbA1c (%) in pregnant women with diabetes
6.5%
Where is the chloride shift phenomenon seen?
Red blood cells
Major hydrogen ion buffer in the blood
Haemoglobin
What is the action of cytochrome P450 enzymes?
Always catalyses hydroxylations
What molecule do hepatocytes use to produce primary bile acids?
Cholesterol
Most common cause of hyperprolactinaemia
Primary hypothyroidism
Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of prolactin?
TRH
What enzyme converts androstenedione to estradiol?
CYP 19 aromatase
Best study design for evaluating diagnostic test
Cross-sectional study
Best study design for treatment
RCT
Best study design for prognosis
Cohort study
What is the UK definition of maternal mortality rate?
The number of maternal deaths per 100000 women whose pregnancy ended within 42 days of livebirth, stillbirth, miscarriage or abortion
Most common gynaecological cancer in the UK
Endometrial
Down syndrome screening results
Decreased alphafetoprotein, increased human chorionic gonadotrophin, decreased unconjugated estriol and increased inhibin
Patau syndrome presentation
Renal abnormalities, omphalocele, holoprosencephaly and polydactyly
What is the most common autosomal trisomy found in early pregnancy loss?
Trisomy 16
Tuberous sclerosis mode of inheritance
Autosomal dominant
Which subunits are found in fetal haemoglobin?
2 alpha and 2 gamma
Which kind of diathermy can only coagulate
Bipolar
Which way is the flow going with blue and red on colour Doppler
Blue = away from the colour box
Red = towards
In which cells does CMV lie dormant?
Monocytes
Rate limiting step of glycolysis
Phosphofructokinase
Types of necrosis and location
Coagulative - heart, kidneys
Colliquative - brain
Caeseation - TB infection
Fat necrosis - breast and pancreas
Gangrene is
Necrosis + bacterial infection
(colliquative forms wet gangrene, coagulative forms dry gangrene)
Which ovarian neoplasm is characterized histologically by the presence of Call-Exner bodies?
Granulosa cell tumour
Which amino acids characteristically potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion?
Arginine and lysine
Metabolic effects of insulin on liver
Increases glucokinase activity
Increases phosphofructokinase activity
Increases glycogen synthase
Inhibits phosphorylase
Inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis
Stimulates fatty acid production from glucose
Where is HCG produced?
Syncitiotrophoblast
Where is calcidiol produced?
Liver
Gestational age from CRL equation
Gestational age = 5.3 + (0.16 x CRL) - (0.0007 x CRL squared)
Mechanism of action of antiemetics:
Cyclizine, promethazine, ondansetron, prochlorperazine
Cyclizine and promethazine = Histamine H1 receptor antagonist
Ondansetron = Serotonin 5HT3 receptor antagonist
Prochlorperazine = Dopamine D2
Enzyme that converts androstenedione to testosterone
17 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
