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OTA 110 - Mental Health > OTA 110 - Ch. 1, 2, 5 Terms > Flashcards

OTA 110 - Ch. 1, 2, 5 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Psychosocial

A

Sense of self and identity; affects how we engage in occupations. Includes psychological, cognitive, social, cultural and spiritual aspects of occupation.

Components: 
• Social environment
• Support system
• Education
• Occupation
• Economic Situation
• Access to healthcare/other resources
• Criminal record/legal issues
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2
Q

Mindfulness

A

Staying in the here and now; bringing back to the present. Paying attention in a particular way: on purpose, in the present moment and non-judgmentally.

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3
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

Methods used to deal with uncomfortable feelings, operating unconsciously. (Conscious example: suppression.)

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4
Q

Denial

A

Defense mechanism—when refusing to believe something that causes anxiety.

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5
Q

Projection

A

Defense mechanism—believing an unacceptable feeling of one’s own belongs to someone else.

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6
Q

Rationalization

A

Defense mechanism—making excuses for unacceptable behavior/feelings.

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7
Q

Conversion

A

Defense mechanism—conflicts turned into real physical symptoms.

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8
Q

Regression

A

Defense mechanism—functioning at a more primitive developmental level; going back to immature behavior pattern.

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9
Q

Idealization

A

Defense mechanism—overestimating someone or valuing them more than the real personality/person seems to merit.

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10
Q

Compensation

A

Defense mechanism—efforts to make up for personal deficits; can also be a conscious effort.

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11
Q

Schedule of Reinforcement

A

How often therapist gives reinforcement.

Continuous: after every performance of desired behavior (best in beginning/short-term)

Intermittent: only occasional reinforcement (most powerful and best in long-term); ex. gambling

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12
Q

Extinction

A

Stopping a behavior completely by removing reinforcement/changing consequences of behavior. Ex.: planned ignoring.

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13
Q

ABCDE Model

A

Cognitive-Behavioral model, where rational and irrational thoughts are realized to change psychological experiences.

A=Activating event
B=Belief
C=Consequence
D=Disputation
E=(Corrective) Emotional experience

A - activator: Public Speaking
B - beliefs: I will vomit; People will judge me; I’m bad at this
C - consequence: Draw a blank; Get a bad grade; Hold breath
D - dispute: I never vomit; I know the material
E - corrective experience: stay calmer; kinder to self; more confidence

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14
Q

Cognitive-Behavioral Theory

A

What we think (cognition) determines how we act (behavior). Thoughts provoke feelings that affect behavior. Therapy involves understanding/changing negative cognitions to change behavior. Altering the ATTRIBUTION of events.

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15
Q

Hallucinations vs. Delusions

A

Psychotic symptoms that often accompany schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.

Hallucinations: Sensory experience that does not correspond to reality.

Delusions: Belief contrary to reality experienced by others.

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16
Q

Comorbidities

A

Simultaneous existence of 2 or more disorders in same person.

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17
Q

DSM-5

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Clinical guidebook using codes for assessing/diagnosing mental disorders. OTs use it for mental disorders that impair function. Includes cultural variations/sensitivities; recognizes symptoms occur at varying levels of severity and in many disorders.

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18
Q

Gender Dysphoria

A

Experiencing distress with the sex person is born with, and associated gender roles.

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19
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

Neurodevelopmental disorder; cluster of disorders occurring in very early childhood and impairing development of social communication and interaction. Restricted or repetitive motor behavior may also be present. Process and understand sensation differently.

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20
Q

ADHD

A

Neurodevelopmental disorder; child has shorter attention span than is normal for that age. Jumping from activity to activity with high level of energy, but inability to concentrate and complete tasks.

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21
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Specific psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations or delusions, and deterioration in functioning from a previously higher level.

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22
Q

Bipolar Disorders/Bipolar I

A

Lifelong disorder characterized by extremes of mood and sometimes psychotic symptoms (delusions/hallucinations). Person alternates between moods, often depressive to manic. Bipolar I is more serious and is distinguished by episodes of mania. Bipolar I affects functioning worse than Bipolar II, and cognitive functions are impaired as well. (Bipolar II fluctuates between hypomania and depression.)

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23
Q

Manic vs. Depressive

A

Manic = mood that is elevated (high), expansive (includes everything/everyone), and/or irritable. May participate in inconsistent behavior, and show poor judgment.

Depressive = mood that is low spirited, with loss of interest in pleasurable activities. Can occur with suicidal thoughts, inactivity and feelings of worthlessness.

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24
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

Extended and severe sadness. Person has had one or more major depressive episodes lasting 2 weeks or more. Depressed mood most of day, nearly every day; significant impairment of social/occupational functioning, low interest or care in ADLs.

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25
Q

Phobia

A

Fear in response to a certain stimulus. Functioning is impaired when it interferes with performance of tasks related to occupational roles.

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26
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Anxiety disorder in which patient has repeated and unexpected panic attacks characterized by symptoms like shortness of breath, racing pulse, dizziness and nausea. After many attacks, the person becomes fearful of attacks and is generally anxious.

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27
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Patient is anxious about 2 or more unrelated situations and no other diagnosis can account for anxiety.

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28
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A

Obsessions and/or compulsions which are time-consuming and distressing to patient and which interfere with functioning.
Obsession=unwanted intrusive thought or impulse.
Compulsion=repetitive behavior in response to obsession.

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29
Q

Trichotillomania

A

Obsessive-compulsive disorder in which patient pulls out body hair. Could also be due to sensory processing deficits.

30
Q

Excoriation

A

Obsessive-compulsive disorder in which patient picks at or peels the skin. Could also be due to sensory processing deficits.

31
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

Condition that follows experience of an event so stressful that it would upset anyone who experienced it. (War, natural disasters, violence, etc.) Reexperience trauma via memories, dreams, flashbacks. Impairs emotional regulation due to memory triggers. Cognitive function and sensory processing may also be affected.

32
Q

Dissociative Disorder

A

Disorders when patient “floats away” from reality. Disruptions of consciousness causing misinterpreting of world. Includes multiple-personality disorder, dissociative amnesia.

33
Q

Somatic Symptoms

A

Physical symptoms with a seeming psychological cause. Includes conversion disorder.

34
Q

Conversion Disorder

A

Psychological disorder accompanied by somatic symptoms.

35
Q

Anorexia Nervosa vs. Bulimia Nervosa

A

Anorexia=abnormally low body weight, refusal to take in food, fear of gaining weight, disturbed body image.

Bulimia=binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting or other drastic method to reduce body size (fasting, laxatives, etc.)

36
Q

Pica

A

Person older than 2 eats soil, soap, hair, paint or other materials that are not food. Sometimes seen with intellectual disability or autism spectrum disorders.

37
Q

Elimination Disorder

A

Inappropriate elimination with bladder or bowel movements. Show up any time, but usually early in life. May or may not be intentional.

38
Q

Sleep-Wake Disorder

A

Disorders that interfere with a regular pattern of restful sleep in order to function.

39
Q

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

A

Disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorder. Argumentative and resentful behavior, irritability and refusal to follow rules/instruction. Cannot handle hearing “no.”

40
Q

Kleptomania vs. Pyromania

A

Impulse control disorders.
Kleptomania=compulsively steals.
Pyromania=compulsively sets fires

41
Q

Dual Diagnosis

A

Persons treated with substance abuse disorder are also diagnosed with another psychiatric disorder. 45% of people with addiction have a co-occurring disorder. Must be substance abuse + ______. May be using substances to self-medicate for other disorder.

42
Q

Neurocognitive Disorder (NCD)

A

Changes in cognition compared to the past. Often due to medical reasons (substance abuse, TBI).

Major NCD=formerly “dementia”; severe impairment of memory; impaired thinking/judgment; social/occupational impairment.

Mild NCD=evidence of cognitive decline but independence is still possible.

43
Q

Paraphilic Disorder

A

Atypical sexual interests/arousal/desires. Only considered a disorder when it harms/distresses the individual and other(s). Includes sadism, voyeurism, pedophilia, etc.

44
Q

NAMI (and the Consumer Movement)

A

National Alliance on Mental Illness; founded 1979. Most prominent representative organization for the CONSUMER MOVEMENT: Consumers, families, and professionals advocate for appropriate housing, community care, supported employment, and other services. Also provide peer and family support/education.

45
Q

Mental Health Parity

A

Important part of consumer vision; Mental Health Parity Act (MHPA) passed 1996 requires insurance to reimburse for mental health care equivalent to physical health care. Movement includes legislation to help prevent/treat substance abuse later.

46
Q

Consumer Movement and Advocacy

A

Consumers, families, and professionals use their own voices to advocate for appropriate housing, community care, supported employment, and other services. Also to provide peer and family support/education.

47
Q

Behavioral Theory: Baseline

A

Known standard or record of how the person behaved before the start of treatment. Records of behavior after treatment can be compared to baseline to determine extent of treatment’s effectiveness.

48
Q

Suppression

A

Attempt to control anxiety/conflict by consciously controlling/denying it. It is conscious, vs. other subconscious defense mechanisms.

49
Q

Anosognosia

A

Also called “lack of insight”–symptom of severe mental illness experienced by some that impairs a person’s ability to understand and perceive his or her illness. It is the single largest reason why people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder refuse medications or do not seek treatment.

50
Q

Labile

A

Of or characterized by emotions that are easily aroused or freely expressed, and that tend to alter quickly and spontaneously; emotionally UNSTABLE.
“mood seemed generally appropriate, but the patient was often labile”

51
Q

Personality Disorders (Distinguish between)

A

When maladaptive personality traits cause functional impairment or distress.

Distinguished into 3 Clusters:
A=paranoid, hermit-like, indifferent to socializing. Patient appears odd, eccentric, bizarre to others. (Ex: paranoid personality, schizoid personality, or schizotypal personality disorders)

B=dramatic, erratic, self-centered behavior. (Ex: antisocial pers. disorder, borderline pers. dis., histrionic pers. dis., narcissistic p.d.)

C=fearful, anxious personalities. (Ex: Avoidant p.d., dependent p.d., obsessive-compulsive p.d.)

52
Q

Simplified/lamen’s definition of “psychosocial issues”

A

How someone sees themself and their identity based on life factors. How they behave in society, and how their society affects their behavior. Things like their values, family, financial situation and education are psychosocial factors.

53
Q

Mental Health vs. Mental Illness

A

Mental Health = state of well-being, realizing own potential, coping with normal stress of life, working productively, contributing to community.

Mental Illness = clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior; causing distress in social/occupational activities.

54
Q

Effects of occupation involvement on mental health?

A

Occupation has an outcome, so it makes you feel you are functioning successfully. Helps you feel you have control of life, and that your life has a purpose/meaning.

55
Q

Effects of mental health disorder diagnosis on occupational functioning?

A

Mental health disorder denies the person of the stimulation of challenging activity; natural drive to act is denied, frustrated and weakened. They grieve because they cannot do what they once did, and feel social stigma. Unhappiness and inactivity reinforce each other!

56
Q

How does OT help occupational functioning of those with mental disorders?

A

Occupation reverses the negative cycle of inactivity and disease. Requires attention and energy, and adds meaning to person performing. Activities ignite interest, empower the will, strengthen skills, improve ability to act.

57
Q

Differences in approach to children, adolescents, adults, aged?

A

Children - Parents/teachers are involved; use of play and self-care experiences; focus on emotional regulation and executive functions.

Adolescents - Act as surrogate parent; Treated in schools/inpatient (if severe); substance abuse and eating disorders arise; must deal with puberty/identity conflicts; use structured therapeutic activities based on client’s preferences.

Adults - Includes work, family, home activities and leisure. Varied living situations. As spouse/parent, may be affecting family.

Aged - May be at home or in facilities. Dealing with loss of people and abilities. Strive for independent functioning. Often use adaptive equipment and modified environments.

58
Q

Effects on family when member has psychiatric illness?

A

Introduces significant challenges and stresses: Guilt/fear, grief, uncertainty, fear of others getting diagnosis, too.

Family should be part of treatment process. Need the tools to help. They are biggest support system, advocates.

59
Q

Actions OTA can take to learn about cultural difference and improve quality of care?

A

Observe carefully, ask questions humbly, learn customs/cultures of clients. Think about dominant culture assumptions. Find out what values/traditions are important to client. Keep ‘cultural curiosity’ to develop expertise of other cultures in your community. Read body language/signs of clients who may not understand you.

60
Q

How poverty affects mental health and participation in health care?

A
  • Missing appointments due to money
  • Not making/receiving calls due to lack of phone
  • Unsafe living situation
  • Eating for economy over nutrition
  • Family members hard to identify/roles vary
  • Fatalistic attitude (nothing’s gonna change so why bother?)
61
Q

How absence of stable housing effects occupational performance?

A
  • lack shelter and structure
  • establishing habit/routine is challenging
  • often have comorbidities or substance-abuse problems
  • adjusted to street life, not wanting to risk disrupting it
  • may have lower cognitive level or executive functioning
62
Q

3 reasons why OTA should consider psychosocial issues of client when primary diagnosis is not psychiatric?

A

1) May not have support system available to assist in treatment
2) Physical diagnosis may cause mental health issues such as depression
3) May not have the resources to continue/motivate with treatment

63
Q

Schizoid personality disorder vs Schizotypal p.d.

A

Schizoid: limited social involvement, live alone, avoid contact, uninterested in socializing

Schizotypal: also indifferent to socializing, but includes behavior peculiarities similar to schizophrenia

64
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

A

Attention seeking, extreme emotions. Self-dramatizing, seeks center stage and uncomfortable when not center. Expresses global, dramatic opinions without detail.

65
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

(BPD); unstable and erratic relationships, fluctuating sense of identity, fear of abandonment, moodiness and feelings of emptiness, impulsive behavior like overspending, substance use, self-mutilation.

66
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

Pattern of antisocial acts continuing after age 18; crimes, cruelty to animals/people, lying, neglect, impulsivity. Caused by developmental impairment (never acquired proper behavior).

67
Q

Imposter syndrome

A

Feeling like you don’t belong; aren’t good/smart enough.

68
Q

Neuroscience Theory

A

Theory that mental health is affected by biochemical/electrical activity of the brain. Mental health problems occur when brain has physiological defects. Therefore, treatment is directed at brain function. May use medication, surgery or ECT (electroconvulsive therapy). May also be treated through sensory modification or stress management, as ways to treat the CNS.

69
Q

Behavioral Theory

A

Pavlov and Skinner’s concept that behavior is learned based on the effect of that behavior. It is an action-consequence model. Pleasurable results will repeat the behavior; negative results will halt the behavior. Consistent reinforcement schedules may be used to alter someone’s behavior with positive/negative results.

70
Q

Developmental Theory

A

Erikson and Piaget’s concept of sequential stages of maturity, each building on the one before.
Incomplete steps cause mental health problems (immaturity) due to those “missing pieces.” Development of psychosocial stages happen at certain ages and, if lagging, can be worked on later in life as graded (adjusted challenge) activities.

71
Q

Theory of Object Relations (Defense Mechanisms)

A

Derived from Freud’s id/superego/ego concept: mental health relates to our relationship with objects (human or non). Defense mechanisms are unconscious ways a person’s ego controls
uncomfortable feelings created by id/superego. Examples are Denial, Compensation, and Projection. When these mechanisms spiral enough to disturb normal functioning, a person acquires mental illness.

72
Q

MAS Moments

A

“Mindfully Adjusting States”

You will often work with clients who are having difficulty staying alert (under-aroused), or calming down (over-aroused). These are quick and easy “pocket tools,” things you can do to help them regulate into a “just-right” zone. You are purposefully/consciously/mindfully facilitating a state adjustment. Ideas include guided meditations, visualizations, affirmations, movements, etc.

OTA 110 - Mental Health (9 decks)

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