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Disease, Disorders, Conditions, and Syndromes > Osteoporosis > Flashcards

Osteoporosis Flashcards

1
Q

What does osteo mean?

A

Bones

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2
Q

What does porosis mean?

A

Pores

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3
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A
  • Higher breakdown of bone in comparison to the formation of new bone which results in porus bones.
  • Decrease in bone density resulting in a potential to a fracture
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4
Q

What is the hard external layer of the bone called?

A

Cortical Bone

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5
Q

What is the soft internal layer of the bone called?

A
  • Spongy or Trabecular Bone
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6
Q

What is the spongy bone or trabecular bone composed of?

A

It is composed of trabeculae

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the trabeculae?

A
  • Framework of beams that provide structural support to the spongy bone / trabecular bone
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8
Q

What is the cortical bone made of ?

A

Many osteons

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9
Q

What are in the middle of osteons?

A

Hollowed spaces called haversion canals which contain the blood supply, andinnervation of the blood cells

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10
Q

What are around the haversian canals?

A

There are concentric lamellae

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11
Q

What are concentric lamellae composed of?

A

Organic: Collagen
Inorganic: Calcium phosphate (Hydroxyapatite)

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12
Q

What are in between neighboring lamellae?

A

Spaces called lacunae

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13
Q

What are inside lacunae?

A

They contain bone cells called osteocytes

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14
Q

What are the steps of bone remodeling?

A

1) Bone resorption (Osteoclast)
2) Bone formation (Osteoblasts)

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15
Q

During bone remodeling spongy bone is replaced every ?

A

3-4 years

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16
Q

During bone remodeling compact bone is replaced every?

A

10 years

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17
Q

What is bone remodeling dependant on?

A
  • Serum Ca2+ levels
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18
Q

How is Serum Ca2+ levels kept in the normal range?

A

By a balance between
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- Calcitonin
- Vitamin D

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19
Q

What is the parathyroid hormone produced by?

A

The parathyroid glands in response to low serum calcium

20
Q

What do the parathyroid hormones increase?

A

It increases bone resorption to release calcium into the bloodstream

21
Q

What is calcitonin produced by?

A

By the thyroid gland in response to high serum calcium (opposes action of PTH)

22
Q

What does calcitonin promote?

A
  • It promotes bone formation and decreasing bone resorption
23
Q

What does vitamin D promote?

A
  • It promotes calcium absorption in the gut (Increasing serum calcium)
  • promoting bone formation & decreasing bone resorption
24
Q

What does the balance between these regulatory factors result in? (PTH, vitamin D, and calcitonin)

A
  • Peak bone mass (usually by age 20-29)
25
Q

Does peak bone mass occur faster in males or females?

A

Usually in females

26
Q

What are factors that determine peak bone mass?

A
  • Genetics
  • Nutrition (Vitamin D)
  • Strength training
  • Hormones (Estrogens & Androgens (Inhibit bone resorption))
27
Q

What happens when osteoclasts break down bone faster then osteoblasts can rebuild it?

A
  • Lowering of the bone mass
  • Eventually into osteoporosis
28
Q

What is the difference between osteoporosis and Osteomalacia?

A
  • Osteoporosis: has normal cells & mineralization
  • Osteomalacia: Lack of mineralization
29
Q

What are the abnormal findings with osteoporosis?

A
  • Fewer trabeculae in spongy bone
  • Thinning of cortical bone
  • Widening of haversian canals
30
Q

What do the bone changes in
- Fewer trabeculae in spongy bone
- Thinning of cortical bone
- Widening of haversian canals
, can cause to a patient?

A
  • Increased risk of fractures (known as fragility / pathologic fractures)
31
Q

What are the vertebrae, shoulder blades, and ribs consists mainly of what?

A

Spongy bone

32
Q

Since the vertebrae, shoulder blades, and ribs consists mainly spongy bone what do risk are they put into?

A
  • Increased risk of fragility fractures
33
Q

What are the factors that increase bone mass loss and increase risk of osteoporosis?

A
  • Low estrogen levels (after menopause)
  • Low serum calcium levels
  • Alcohol consumption
  • Smoking
  • Drugs (Like glucocorticoids which deacrese calcium absorption of the gut through the antagonism of VIT D
  • Drugs ( Heparin, L-Thyroxine)
  • Physical inactivity (Lack of stress —> Bone deposition deacreses and resorption increases)
  • Diseases (Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Cushing syndrome, and diabetes mellitus)
34
Q

What are the two most common types of osteoporosis?

A
  • Postmenopausal osteoporosis
  • Senile osteoporosis
35
Q

What happens in postmenopausal osteoporosis?

A
  • Decreased estrogen levels lead to increased bone resorption
36
Q

What happens in senile osteoporosis?

A
  • Osteoblasts gradually lose the ability to form bone
  • Osteoclasts keep resorbtion going
  • Osteoclasts overtakes > osteoblasts
  • 8th decade of life
37
Q

Do people usually have symptoms with osteoporosis?

A

They dont usually until a fracture occurs

38
Q

What are the most common types of fractures associated with osteoporosis?

A
  • Vertebral/compressions fractures (occurs when one or more bones in the spine weaken and shatter)
  • Femoral neck fractures
  • Distal radius fractures
39
Q

What do vertebral fractures cause?

A
  • Back pain
  • height loss
  • hunched posture (kyphosis)
40
Q

Which kinda fractures are associated with postmenopausal osteoporosis?

A
  • Femoral neck
  • Distal Radius
41
Q

How is osteoporosis diagnosed?

A

Dual-Energy X-Ray absorptiometry (dexa) scan

42
Q

What does Dual-Energy X-Ray absorptiometry (dexa) scan test?

A
  • Bone density
  • Compares an individual’s bone density to that of the normal adult which results in a T-Score
43
Q

What is a T-Score?

A

Determines if someone has osteoporosis
T < or equal to -2.5 = osteoporosis

44
Q

Normal treatment of osteoporosis?

A

First line drugs
Bisphosphonate drugs
- Alendronate
- Risedronate
——————————————————
During postmenopausal osteoprosis these below:
Denosumab
- Monoclonal Antibody
Raloxifene
- Selective estrogen receptors modulator

45
Q

Which treatments do we use for advanced osteoporosis?

A
  • Teriparatide (a recombinant PTH)
    which increased bone formation
  • Thiazide diuretic: Hydrochlorothiazide (Boosts Ca2+ retention in kidney, and stimulates osteoblasts differentiation, therefor decreasing mineral bone loss)

Disease, Disorders, Conditions, and Syndromes (2 decks)

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