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Osteology and Forensic Anthropology > Osteology Exam I (sternum through skull) > Flashcards

Osteology Exam I (sternum through skull) Flashcards

1
Q

What two bones comprise the sternum?

A

The manubrium and corpus sterni.

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2
Q

Describe the costal notches and the sternum.

A

The first costal notch is inferior to the jugular notch (for the clavicle) on the manubrium. The second is found on the sternal angle, and the remaining 3-7 are found on the lateral sides of the corpus sterni. These are the sites of articulation of the rib heads.

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3
Q

What variably ossified featured is sometimes found inferior to the sternum?

A

The xiphoid process.

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4
Q

How is the sternum sided?

A

The anterior face of the sternum is convex; the posterior side is concave and dips inward.

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5
Q

How many ribs does an adult human have? Describe how they differ.

A

24: 12 on each side. Ribs 1-7 are “true” ribs and articulate directly with the sternum. Ribs 8-10 attach to the sternum through intermediate cartilage and are called “false ribs”. Ribs 11 and 12 have unattached distal ends and are called “floating ribs”.

Rib length typically increases from 1 to 7 and decreases from 7 to 12.

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6
Q

The head of the rib (proximal end) bears ______ for attachment to thoracic vertebrae bodies. Which ribs are unifaceted?

A

demifacets: two articular surfaces. Ribs 1, 10, 11, and 12 are unifaceted.

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7
Q

Describe features of the proximal rib head.

A

The head and neck: The crest of the rib head separates the two demifacets. The tubercle articulates with transverse process of thoracic vertebrae. The neck is the thinnest portion.

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8
Q

Describe the general features of a rib.

A

Sternal end, caudal edge, cranial edge, shaft, neck, head.

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9
Q

What features are unique to the first rib?

A

The scalene tubercle, on the cranial surface the groove for the subclavian artery and brachail plexus and the groove for the subclavian vein.

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10
Q

What is unique about the second rib?

A

It is intermediate in size between R1 and R3 and has a large tuberosity for the serratus anterior muscle in a cranial midshaft position.

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11
Q

What are the three major parts of the hyoid bone?

A

The body and the greater and lesser horns.

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12
Q

What encloses the spinal cord posterior to the vertebral body?

A

The vertebral arch.

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13
Q

The short segment of the vertebral arch near the body on the superior side is the

A

pedicle

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14
Q

Posterior to the pedicle is the

A

lamina

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15
Q

The three most prominent processes of a vertebra are the

A

spinous process and two transverse processes

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16
Q

Vertebrae articulate with one another through

A

pairs of superior and inferior articular facets

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17
Q

The transverse processes of cervical vertebrae are unique in that they have

A

transverse foramina that form a path for the vertebral arteries

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18
Q

The spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae are unique in that they are usually

A

bifurcated

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19
Q

The superior surface of the body of a cervical vertebrae is cup-shaped with the edges marked off by

A

uncinate processes

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20
Q

Describe three features of the lateral portions of cervical transverse processes

A

posterior and anterior tubercles and intertubercular lamina.

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21
Q

The ___ of the atlas are concave and elongate and receive the condyles of the occipital bone.

A

superior articular facets of the atlas.

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22
Q

In turning one’s head, the atlas pivots on the ___ of the ___.

A

dens/odontoid process of the axis.

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23
Q

C7 can be distriguished because it retains transverse foramina but has a

A

larger spinous process reminiscent of a thoracic vertebrae.

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24
Q

Give the numbers of the different vertebrae

A

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar

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25
Q

Rib heads articulate to the transverse processes of most thoracic vertebrae through

A

costal facets formed by a pair of demifacets

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26
Q

Which thoracic vertebrae possess a full facet for rib articulation?

A

T1, T10, T11, and T12.

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27
Q

Describe the angle range for thoracic transverse processes

A

T1 is near 180 degrees and T10-12 near 90 degrees

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28
Q

Which thoracic vertebrae possesses a full facet and a demifacet?

A

T1

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29
Q

Describe the unique features of T10-T12

A

All have a complete, superiorly located costal facet. T10 has costal articulations on the transverse processes, T11 and 12 do not, and the inferior articular facets of T12 assume the lumbar pattern.

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30
Q

A hatchet shaped spinous process would belong to a

A

lumbar vertebrae

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31
Q

Two additional processes possessed by lumbar vertebrae are the

A

mamillary and accessory processes

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32
Q

The superior articular facets of lumber vertebrae are ___ while the inferior articular facets are ___

A

concave, convex

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33
Q
A
34
Q

What happens to the sacral vertebrae during adolescence?

A

They fuse to form the sacrum.

35
Q

The broad anterosuperior surface of the sacrum that articulates with L5 is the

A

sacral plateau

36
Q

The anterior midline projection of the sacral plateau is the

A

sacral promontory

37
Q

The parts of the first sacral element that sweep out laterally from the centrum are the

A

alae

38
Q

The lines of fusion of the sacral vertebrae are the

A

transverse ridges

39
Q

The lateral aspects of the sacrum that contributes to the sacroiliac joint are the

A

auricular surfaces

40
Q

The roughened area posterior to the auricular surface of the sacrum that attaches the sacroiliac muscles is the

A

sacral tuberosity

41
Q

Viewing the sacrum anteriorly, it can be divided into __, __, and ___.

A

lateral part, centrum, and lateral part.

42
Q

The ___ allow for the passage of the sacral nerves

A

sacral foramina

43
Q

What allows for articulation with the inferior articular processes of the 5th lumbar vertebrae

A

The superior articular processes and facets of the sacrum that project up on the posterior border.

44
Q

The rough, convex, posterior-facign surface of the sacrum is the. At the center of this is the

A

dorsal surface; median sacral crest.

45
Q

Internal passages formed by the fusion of superior and inferior sacral vertebral notches are the

A

intervertebral foramina.

46
Q

The feature located just laterally to the sacral foramina is the

A

lateral sacral crest

47
Q

The feature found just medial to the sacral foramina but before the median sacral crest is the

A

intermediate sacral crest

48
Q

The three crests found on the posterior portion of the sacrum are the

A

median sacral crest, intermediate sacral crests, and lateral sacral crests.

49
Q

The vertebral foramen pathway is continued in the sacrum as the

A

sacral canal.

50
Q

The protion most inferior on the posterior side of the sacrum where the dorsal wall is absent is the __ and is bounded by the

A

sacral hiatus; sacral cornu

51
Q

The narrow inferior tip of the sacrum that includes the articular facet for the coccyx is the

A

apex of the sacrum

52
Q

The suture between the temporal and parietal bones is the

A

squamos suture

53
Q

The two sutures of the cranium that form the bregma are the

A

coronal and sagittal sutures

54
Q

The suture between the occipital and parietal bones is the

A

lambdoid suture

55
Q

The suture that lies between the occipital and sphenoid is the

A

basilar suture

56
Q

The osteological term for the forehead is the

A

frontal squama

57
Q

The original centers of ossification of the frontal bone are the

A

frontal eminences, tubers, or bosses.

58
Q

The attachment for the temporalis muscle on the lateral ectocranial side of the frontal bone is the

A

temporal line

59
Q

The most lateral and anterior corners of the frontal bone are the

A

zygomatic processes

60
Q

Describe features around the upper eye orbits.

A

A supraorbital foramen (or notch) exists on the supraorbital margin. The supracilliary arches are superior to this (where the eyebrows are).

61
Q

The suture connecting the right and left frontal halves (sometimes obliterated in adults) is the

A

metopic suture

62
Q

The vertical groove running down the midline of the endocranial surface is the

A

sagittal sulcus

63
Q

At its most inferior and anterior region, the sagittal sulcus becomes the

A

frontal crest

64
Q

A foramen of varying size found at the root of the frontal crest is the

A

foramen cecum.

65
Q

The endocranial portion of the frontal bone bears various

A

meningeal grooves

66
Q

The horizontal portion of the frontal bone which on its inferior ectocranial side borders the eye is the

A

pars orbitalis (orbital plate)

67
Q

The gap that separates the two orbital plates of the frontal bone is the

A

ethmoid notch

68
Q

The features found at the lateral, inferior parts of the inferior orbital surfaces of the frontal are the

A

lacrimal fossae

69
Q

Features anterior to the ethmoid notch that may be used for forensic identification due to their variation are the

A

frontal sinuses

70
Q

Describe the angles present on the parietal bones

A

Frontal angle (at bregma), sphenoidal angle (at pterion), occipital angle (at lambda), and mastoid angle (at asterion).

71
Q

Siding parietal bones can be accomplished by observed what near the mastoid angle on the endocranial surface?

A

The sigmoid sulcus (posterior and inferior).

72
Q

Located near the sagittal suture near lambda on parietal bones.

A

Parietal foramen.

73
Q

The ___ ___ is a continuation of the same feature on the frontal bone when two parietal bones are articulated together

A

Sagittal sulcus

74
Q

Parietal bones on the ectocranial surface inferior side possess

A

parietal striae

75
Q

An endocranial feature of parietal bones near the frontal angle is the

A

archanoid fovea

76
Q

Running across the ectocranial surface of parietal bones are

A

the superior and inferior temporal lines

77
Q

The ectocranial surface of the temporal bone bears the ___ which articulates with the parietals along the squamous suture.

A

temporal squama

78
Q

The superior root of the zygomatic process is the ___ ___, which becomes the ___ ___ posteriorly.

A

suprameatal crest; supramastoid crest.

79
Q

The thin, pointed bony rod that points anteroinferiorly from teh base of the temporal bone

A

styloid process

80
Q

Foramen between the mastoid and styloid process

A

styloidmastoid process

81
Q

The three auditory ossicles are the

A

incus, malleus (hammer), and stapes (staple)

82
Q
A

Osteology and Forensic Anthropology (4 decks)

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