Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals > Osteology > Flashcards

Osteology Flashcards

1
Q

What is osteology?

A

The study of bone and its components.

  • nerve
  • cartilage
  • marrow
  • blood supply
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Support: basis of form and posture
  • Protection: Ribs protect vital organs
  • Locomotion: Movement of limbs
  • Mineral Reserve: Ca and P
  • Blood Cell Production: occurs in red bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two major layers of bone?

A
  1. Compact bone: outermost layer used for support and strength
  2. Spongy bone: interconnecting porous areas filled with red bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What effect does the Periosteum have on the bone?

A
  • its a dense fibrous connective tissue sheath of collagen used to cover the bones at the joint surfaces
  • increases diameter of bone
  • heals fractures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are the growth plates of the bone located?

A

The Epiphyses and the Epiphyseal cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define Chondrocyte.

A

Cells that form cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the difference between Adsorbed and Absorbed?

A

Adsorbed: particle sticks on to the outer portion of a collagen fiber and can come off
Absorbed: means to take in completely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define Osteoblast.

A

The bone forming matrix. They secrete collagen and other substances that make up the osteoid matrix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define Osteocytes.

A

The mature bone cell. This was once an osteoblast that is enclosed by the bone matrix and trapped within the lacunae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define Osteoclast.

A

The bone destroying cells. removes calcium out of the bone and destroys with a purpose.
- secretes enzymes (collagenase) and releases acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 types of bone formation?

A
  1. Endochondral
  2. Intramembranous
  3. Heteroplastic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Endochondral ossification is described as….

A

bone developing from cartilage. This happens mostly in the fetus and can be seen in the growth plates of long bones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Intramebranous ossification is described as…

A

bone formed without cartilage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Heteroplastic ossification is described as…

A

bones not being apart of the skeletal system. An example is the Os Penis in marsupials - the female has 2 cervix and the male has a forked penis in possums.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some characteristics of Calcium absorption?

A
  • hard to absorb
  • requires vit. D
  • absorbed in the small intestine ( duodenum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some characteristics of Phosphorous absorption?

A
  • easier absorbed than calcium

- absorbed lower in the small intestine after calcium absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the ratio of calcium and phosphorous in the body?

A

2:1 Ca: PO4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do hydroxyapatite crystals form in the body?

A

The crystals are formed from an over abundance of calcium in the animal. The calcium then reacts with the phosphorous to form a precipitate that is ossified and otherwise known as kidney stones. This all takes place in the small intestine near the absorption sites of the minerals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What causes Fibrodysplasia ossification progressiva?

A

The cause of this is fibrous tissue ossification. The soft tissues turn into bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

True or False: Hypercalcemia is too high blood levels in the body.

A

True (12-18 mg/dL)
If the calcium level is too high, the neuron channels will not allow for the neuron to fire creating constipation and muscular weakness.

21
Q

True or False: CaPO4 precipitation in soft tissues is not fatal.

A

False

This can result in Renal Rickets

22
Q

True or False: Hypocalcemia is too high blood levels in the body.

A

False
HYPOcalcemia in too low blood calcium levels in the body. Since there are no calciums there to control the channels in the neurons, there is continuous action potential. Result is tetany.

23
Q

What are the two ways to treat tetany?

A
  1. Paraneally

2. IV Dripping with a .9% saline solution

24
Q

True or False: Osteoblasts allow for the constant reshaping of bone.

A

False
Osteoclasts allow for constant reshaping of bone through the secretion and synthesis of collagenase (breaks down collagen)

25
Q

If and osteoclast is in an uncontrollable state it results in __________.

A

Osteoporosis

26
Q

What is Osteoporosis?

A

The rapid destruction of bone. thinning out and weakening of bone structure.

27
Q

How often is the entire adult skeleton rebuilt?

A

every 10 years

28
Q

What is the role of the chief cells in the parathyroid gland?

A

To produce the parathyroid hormone (PTH) and “read” the calcium level in blood. The cells have calcium receptors and are able to read the Ca blood level that way.

29
Q

How is PTH regulated in the body?

A

PTH is regulated by the change in calcium detected through the the calcium receptors. A decrease in calcium will cause an increase in PTH.

30
Q

What cell is the PTH acting on?

A

The effector cells or the Osteoclasts

31
Q

How long does it take PTH to start working in the body?

A

8 hours and continues for 24-36 hours

32
Q

True or False: The parathyroid gland reads blood Ca levels as it passes through the gland.

A

True

33
Q

What happens when the blood calcium reaches a normal level?

A

A negative feedback system on PTH kicks in (similar to a thermostat system).

34
Q

What are the PTH effector organs?

A
  • Bone: osteoclasts directly
  • Kidney: beaks down bone and also releases PO4 ( PTH tells kidneys to excrete excess PO4 and retain Ca) and acts on cells in PTH receptors renal Proximal Tubule
  • Small Intestine: absorption of calcium via vit. D in the gut (Liver)
35
Q

How does PTH indirectly relate to vitamin D?

A

PTH activates hydroxylase enzymes to activate vitamin D. Vitamin D increases Ca building proteins in the gut allowing for more Ca uptake.

36
Q

What hormone does the parafollicular cells secrete?

A

Calcitonin

37
Q

True or False: When the calcium level goes up so does the calcitonin level.

A

True

38
Q

What is another name for Thyrocalcitonin (TCT)?

A

Calcitonin

39
Q

What happens when there is an increase of TCT in the thyroid gland?

A
  • Decreases osteoclastic osteolysis
  • Increases urinary excretion of Ca and PO4
  • Decreases vit. D synthesis
40
Q

True or False: Low levels of blood calcium will kill you faster than higher levels of blood calcium.

A

True

41
Q

How long does it take for TCT to stop osteoclastic osteolysis?

A

10 min.

42
Q

If PTH and TCT are in the system together, will one overpower the other?

A

Yes. PTH will overpower TCT

43
Q

Describe the Escape Phenomenon.

A

PTH taking back over if Ca levels are down too long and begin to overpower TCT again.

44
Q

PTH: day ___ and day ____ regulator.
TCT: mainly after _______.

A

in, out, meals

45
Q

How does PTH leave the cell?

A

Through exocytosis

46
Q

What is Hypoparathyroidism and what are some of its characteristics?

A

Hypoparathyroidism is wen there is a low active gland that is not making enough hormone.

  • its an idiopathic thing ( no one knows why it happens)
  • Treatment: control diet to increase Ca and Vit. D
  • the body cant utilize PTH leading to a drop in blood calcium —> bone weakness and Hypocalcemia = tetany = death
47
Q

What is Milk Fever?

A

Parturient Paresis - the rapid loss of Ca to colostrum after birth
decrease in blood Ca = increase PTH = tetany = death

48
Q

How do dairy men manage milk fever?

A

They put the cow on a low diet of Ca for a few weeks before parturition.

Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions