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Forensic Anthropology > Osteology > Flashcards

Osteology Flashcards

0
Q

Identify this structure of cortical bone.

A

nutrient foramen

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1
Q

What is a ligament?

A

A collagen fiber band or sheet that connects bone to bone.

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2
Q

On the frontal/coronal plane, ______ is farther towards the front of the body.

A

anterior

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3
Q

Identify #3.

A

epiphyseal plate

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3
Q

On the sagittal plane, _____ is closer to the midline.

A

medial

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3
Q

Identify this structure of cortical bone.

A

Sharpey’s fibers

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4
Q

On the sagittal plane, _____ is farther from the midline.

A

lateral

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4
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

the embryonic model for most long, short and irregular bones is a mass of dense fibrous connective tissue

  • stem cells differentiate into chondroblasts which begin laying down hyaline cartilage matrix in a pattern to replace the fibrous connective tissue model
  • then osteoclasts and blood vessels penetrate the cartilage while other stem cells follow and differentiate into osteoblasts which begin laying down bone matrix in a spongy bone pattern to replace the cartilage model
  • several such centers of ossification expand until they meet and fuse;
  • eventually the entire structure matures to have compact bone on the outer surface and to have spongy bone and possibly a marrow space in the interior
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5
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

The shaft of a long bone.

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5
Q

What percentage of a bone is mineral and what is this primarily comprised of?

A

65% - hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate)

provides rigidity

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6
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

The result of an encased osteoblast or osteoid located in a lacunae that maintains bone.

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7
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

A cell that destroys bone.

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8
Q

On the transverse plane, ______ is nearer to the bottom of the body.

A

inferior

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8
Q

Identify this structure of cortical bone.

A

Haversian canal

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8
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A
  1. fibrous
  2. cartilaginous
  3. synovial
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10
Q

What does periosteum do?

A

It provides nutrient-rich blood for the bone and is the source of bone-developing cells (osteoblasts) after a fracture or during growth.

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10
Q

What type of synovial joint is this?

A

pivot

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11
Q

What is synovial fluid and what does it do?

A

An egg-white like fluid within the joint cavity that keeps the articular cartilage moist.

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11
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

a stage of bone development in human fetuses that involves osteoblasts laying down woven bone that eventually becomes lamellar bone

the embryonic model for most flat bones and a few other bones is a sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue

  • stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts which begin laying down bone matrix in a spongy bone pattern to replace the fibrous membrane model
  • several such centers of ossification expand until they meet and fuse
  • eventually the entire structure matures to have compact bone on the outer surface and spongy bone in the interior.
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11
Q

Identify structure #2 of trabecular bone.

A

red marrow space

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12
Q

What is the name of this pose?

A

the anatomical position

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12
Q

What type of synovial joint is this?

A

hinge

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13
Q

Give one example of a flat bone.

A

hip, parietal bone…

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14
Q

Identify structure #4 of trabecular bone.

A

osteocytes

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15
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Smooth, slippery, bloodless cartilage found on the end of long bones.

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15
Q

What is the name of this plane?

A

the coronal/frontal plane

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15
Q

On the transverse plane, ______ is farther from the midline of the body.

A

distal

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16
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

The end of a long bone.

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18
Q

Identify #6.

A

compact bone

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19
Q

What is periosteum?

A

A fibrous, vascular, sensitive covering for a bone.

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20
Q

Identify #2.

A

growth plate

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20
Q

What is an osteoblast?

A

A cell that builds bone and produces osteoids.

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20
Q

Identify this structure of cortical bone.

A

osteon

21
Q

Identify #7.

A

epiphysis

23
Q

What is yellow marrow?

A

Marrow located in the center of a bone inside the medullary cavity.

24
Q

Identify this structure of cortical bone.

A

concentric lamellae

26
Q

What is the name of this plane?

A

the saggital plane

27
Q

Identify #5.

A

periosteum

29
Q

What is the structure of the diaphysis?

A

Compact bone with a central cavity.

30
Q

On the transverse plane, ______ is nearer to the top of the body.

A

superior

31
Q

Identify #9.

A

epiphysis

32
Q

Identify this structure of cortical bone.

A

circumferal lamellae

34
Q

What percentage of a bone is organic and what is this primarily comprised of?

A

35% - water & collagen

provides flexibility

35
Q

Identify #3.

A

metaphysis

35
Q

What are the six synovial joint types?

A
  1. pivot
  2. ball & socket
  3. hinge
  4. condyloid/convex
  5. saddle/concave
  6. gliding
36
Q

What is the structure of the epiphysis?

A

It is composed of a thin layer of compact bone and capped with articular cartilage.

38
Q

What is the name of this plane?

A

the transverse plane

39
Q

What are the four shapes of human bones?

A
  1. long
  2. short
  3. flat
  4. irregular
40
Q

What are three other names for compact bone?

A
  1. cortical bone
  2. lamellar bone
  3. dense bone
41
Q

Identify structure #1 of trabecular bone.

A

trabeculae

42
Q

What type of synovial joint is this?

A

ball and socket

44
Q

What are two other names for cancellous bone?

A
  1. spongy bone
  2. trabecular bone
46
Q

Identify structure #3 of trabecular bone.

A

lamellae

47
Q

Give one example of a short bone.

A

carpals, patella, tarsals

48
Q

Identify #2.

A

cancellous bone

49
Q

Identify this structure of cortical bone.

A

Volkmann’s canal

51
Q

Name five functions of the skeleton.

A
  1. support for muscles
  2. anchors for muscular movement
  3. factory for blood
  4. storehouse for nutrients in marrow
  5. protection for organs
52
Q

Identify this structure of cortical bone.

A

canaliculi

53
Q

What type of synovial joint is this?

A

gliding

55
Q

What is a nutrient artery?

A

A large artery that enters through a tunnel in the diaphysis to provide blood to the bone.

57
Q

What is cancellous bone?

A

A lattice-like bone structure.

59
Q

What is red marrow?

A

A substance that packs the space between the beams of some epiphyses.

60
Q

Identify #1.

A

articular cartilage

61
Q

What is woven bone?

A

An irregular or coarse type of bone that indicates healing or growing.

63
Q

What four criteria are used to classify bones?

A
  1. location
  2. shape
  3. origin
  4. structure
64
Q

Give one example of a long bone.

A

humerus, femur, tibia, clavicle, radius, ulna, fibula…

65
Q

What is compact bone?

A

A dense bone such as that found in the diaphysis that is structures in concentric layers of solid bone.

66
Q

What is a tendon?

A

A collagen fiber cord or bundle that connects muscle to bone.

67
Q

Give one example of an irregular bone.

A

vertebra

68
Q

On the frontal/coronal plane, ______ is farther towards the back of the body.

A

posterior

69
Q

A skeleton that retains no structural integrity or is mixed in with other skeletons is called what?

A

a disarticulated or commingled skeleton

70
Q

Identify #4.

A

medullary (marrow) cavity

71
Q

A skeleton that retains some or all structural integrity is called what?

A

an articulated skeleton

73
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

It is a channel at the center of the diaphysis that lightens the weight and holds yellow marrow.

74
Q

On the transverse plane, ______ is nearer to the midline of the body.

A

proximal

75
Q

Identify #1.

A

epiphysis

76
Q

What type of synovial joint is this?

A

condyloid / convex

77
Q

What type of synovial joint is this?

A

saddle / concave

79
Q

Identify #8.

A

diaphysis

80
Q

Identify this structure of cortical bone.

A

osteocyte in lacunae

Forensic Anthropology (8 decks)

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