Osteology Flashcards
Identify this structure of cortical bone.
nutrient foramen
What is a ligament?
A collagen fiber band or sheet that connects bone to bone.
On the frontal/coronal plane, ______ is farther towards the front of the body.
anterior
Identify #3.
epiphyseal plate
On the sagittal plane, _____ is closer to the midline.
medial
Identify this structure of cortical bone.
Sharpey’s fibers
On the sagittal plane, _____ is farther from the midline.
lateral
What is endochondral ossification?
the embryonic model for most long, short and irregular bones is a mass of dense fibrous connective tissue
- stem cells differentiate into chondroblasts which begin laying down hyaline cartilage matrix in a pattern to replace the fibrous connective tissue model
- then osteoclasts and blood vessels penetrate the cartilage while other stem cells follow and differentiate into osteoblasts which begin laying down bone matrix in a spongy bone pattern to replace the cartilage model
- several such centers of ossification expand until they meet and fuse;
- eventually the entire structure matures to have compact bone on the outer surface and to have spongy bone and possibly a marrow space in the interior
What is the diaphysis?
The shaft of a long bone.
What percentage of a bone is mineral and what is this primarily comprised of?
65% - hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate)
provides rigidity
What is an osteocyte?
The result of an encased osteoblast or osteoid located in a lacunae that maintains bone.
What is an osteoclast?
A cell that destroys bone.
On the transverse plane, ______ is nearer to the bottom of the body.
inferior
Identify this structure of cortical bone.
Haversian canal
What are the three types of joints?
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
What does periosteum do?
It provides nutrient-rich blood for the bone and is the source of bone-developing cells (osteoblasts) after a fracture or during growth.
What type of synovial joint is this?
pivot
What is synovial fluid and what does it do?
An egg-white like fluid within the joint cavity that keeps the articular cartilage moist.
What is intramembranous ossification?
a stage of bone development in human fetuses that involves osteoblasts laying down woven bone that eventually becomes lamellar bone
the embryonic model for most flat bones and a few other bones is a sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue
- stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts which begin laying down bone matrix in a spongy bone pattern to replace the fibrous membrane model
- several such centers of ossification expand until they meet and fuse
- eventually the entire structure matures to have compact bone on the outer surface and spongy bone in the interior.
Identify structure #2 of trabecular bone.
red marrow space
What is the name of this pose?
the anatomical position
What type of synovial joint is this?
hinge
Give one example of a flat bone.
hip, parietal bone…
Identify structure #4 of trabecular bone.
osteocytes
What is articular cartilage?
Smooth, slippery, bloodless cartilage found on the end of long bones.
What is the name of this plane?
the coronal/frontal plane
On the transverse plane, ______ is farther from the midline of the body.
distal
What is the epiphysis?
The end of a long bone.
Identify #6.
compact bone
What is periosteum?
A fibrous, vascular, sensitive covering for a bone.
Identify #2.
growth plate
What is an osteoblast?
A cell that builds bone and produces osteoids.
Identify this structure of cortical bone.
osteon
Identify #7.
epiphysis
What is yellow marrow?
Marrow located in the center of a bone inside the medullary cavity.
Identify this structure of cortical bone.
concentric lamellae
What is the name of this plane?
the saggital plane
Identify #5.
periosteum
What is the structure of the diaphysis?
Compact bone with a central cavity.
On the transverse plane, ______ is nearer to the top of the body.
superior
Identify #9.
epiphysis
Identify this structure of cortical bone.
circumferal lamellae
What percentage of a bone is organic and what is this primarily comprised of?
35% - water & collagen
provides flexibility
Identify #3.
metaphysis
What are the six synovial joint types?
- pivot
- ball & socket
- hinge
- condyloid/convex
- saddle/concave
- gliding
What is the structure of the epiphysis?
It is composed of a thin layer of compact bone and capped with articular cartilage.
What is the name of this plane?
the transverse plane
What are the four shapes of human bones?
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
What are three other names for compact bone?
- cortical bone
- lamellar bone
- dense bone
Identify structure #1 of trabecular bone.
trabeculae
What type of synovial joint is this?
ball and socket
What are two other names for cancellous bone?
- spongy bone
- trabecular bone
Identify structure #3 of trabecular bone.
lamellae
Give one example of a short bone.
carpals, patella, tarsals
Identify #2.
cancellous bone
Identify this structure of cortical bone.
Volkmann’s canal
Name five functions of the skeleton.
- support for muscles
- anchors for muscular movement
- factory for blood
- storehouse for nutrients in marrow
- protection for organs
Identify this structure of cortical bone.
canaliculi
What type of synovial joint is this?
gliding
What is a nutrient artery?
A large artery that enters through a tunnel in the diaphysis to provide blood to the bone.
What is cancellous bone?
A lattice-like bone structure.
What is red marrow?
A substance that packs the space between the beams of some epiphyses.
Identify #1.
articular cartilage
What is woven bone?
An irregular or coarse type of bone that indicates healing or growing.
What four criteria are used to classify bones?
- location
- shape
- origin
- structure
Give one example of a long bone.
humerus, femur, tibia, clavicle, radius, ulna, fibula…
What is compact bone?
A dense bone such as that found in the diaphysis that is structures in concentric layers of solid bone.
What is a tendon?
A collagen fiber cord or bundle that connects muscle to bone.
Give one example of an irregular bone.
vertebra
On the frontal/coronal plane, ______ is farther towards the back of the body.
posterior
A skeleton that retains no structural integrity or is mixed in with other skeletons is called what?
a disarticulated or commingled skeleton
Identify #4.
medullary (marrow) cavity
A skeleton that retains some or all structural integrity is called what?
an articulated skeleton
What is the medullary cavity?
It is a channel at the center of the diaphysis that lightens the weight and holds yellow marrow.
On the transverse plane, ______ is nearer to the midline of the body.
proximal
Identify #1.
epiphysis
What type of synovial joint is this?
condyloid / convex
What type of synovial joint is this?
saddle / concave
Identify #8.
diaphysis
Identify this structure of cortical bone.
osteocyte in lacunae
