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Animal Diversity > Osteichthyes - the Bony Fishes > Flashcards

Osteichthyes - the Bony Fishes Flashcards

1
Q

Osmoregulation Strategies

A

Iso/Hyper/Hypoosmotic regulation:
- Kidneys, gills, special organs (e.g. rectal galnd), other barriers (e.g., skin, scales, armor
Agnathans:
Isosomotic to thei env:
- Internal solute conc is very similar to that of salt water
- Permeable skin

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2
Q

Chondrichthyes Osmoregulation

A

Hyperosmotic to their env.
(i.e., saltier than sea!)
- live in SW so counterintuitive, why?
- Retaining (urea) in tissues to help retain water; so also need TMAO
- Rectal gland: secrete salts (balance)
- FW rays also hyperosmotic but don’t retain urea, reduced rectal gland

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3
Q

Other Osmoregulation strategies

A

Marine Bony Fish:
Hypoosmotic to env
- Internal (solute) lower than SW around
Freshwater Bony Fish:
Hyperosmotic to their env
- Internal (solute) higher than FW around

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4
Q

Osteichthyes

A
  • “bone + fish”
    1. Class Actinopterygii
    • ray-finned fishes
      1. Clade Sarcopterygii
    • lobe-finned fishes
      • tetrapods
        Characteristics
        1. Ossified endochondral bone
        2. Dermal body operculum
        3. Dermal bony scales
        4. Lungs/swim bladder
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5
Q
  1. ossified endochondral bone
A

Ossification:
- laying down new bone by osteoblast cells
Endochondral ossification:
- replacing cartilage model
- bony fishes and tetrapods only
- formation of long bones, growth, and repair

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6
Q
  1. Dermal Bony Operculum
A
  • Increase respiratory efficiency
  • smooth outer surface for streamlining
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7
Q
  1. Dermal Bony Scales
A
  • From body plate armour… to small, flexible, streamlined scales of bony base = lightweight!
  • Scales are dermally-derived
    • cartilaginous fish: placoid scales
    • Bony fishes: bichirs, gars and bowfins (modified), paddlefishes (modified): ganoid scales
    • Higher order bony fishes: *Cycloid (e.g. salmon) and *ctenoid (e.g. perches) scales
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8
Q
  1. Lungs/swim bladder
A

Physostomous:
- gas exhchange vis esophagus
Physoclistous:
- gas exchange via blood

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9
Q

Adaptations of Bony Fishes

A
  1. locomotion: pushing against water
  2. Buoyancy: swim bladder for neutral buoyancy
  3. Respiration: oxygen less abundant
  4. Water and ion balance: exchanges with water
  5. Reproduction: mainly broadcast spawning
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10
Q
  1. Locomotion
A
  • Body torpedo-shapes
  • Caudal peduncle narrow
  • Caudal fin sickle0shapes, stiff
  • Thrust pushes fish forward and overcome drag
  • Lateral force makes the fish’s head “yaw”
    • Large and rigid head minimizes
      yaw
  • Fast fish are less flexible and generate all thrust with caudal fins
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11
Q
  1. Buoancy
A

Fish are slightly heavier than water
- Swim bladder, as a gas-filled space, is the most efficient flotation device
- Swimm bladder arose from paired lungs of primitive Devonian bony fishes

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12
Q
  1. Respiration
A
  • Gill rakers, arches, filaments, lamellae, blood vessels, capillaries
  • Countercurrent gas exchange -> extremely efficient
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13
Q
  1. osmotic regulation
A
  1. Freshwater fish
    - the fish has a higher fluid (salts) than surrounding water
    - must stop water implosion!
    - hyperosmotic regulators
    - Dilute urine; salt absorbing cells
  2. Marine Fish
    - This fish has less fluid (salts) than surrounding water
    - Must stop dehydration!
    - Hypoosmotic regulators
    - Drink lost; salt secretory cells
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14
Q

Diadromous Fishes: Anadromous or Catadromous

A

Anadromous: born in FW, go to SW, back to FW (Salmon, lampreys)
Catadromous: born in SW, go to FW, back to SW (e.g. eels)
Adapt by:
- progressive changes in physiology and appearance (i.e. growth)
- Hormonal production and activation of chloride cells
- Change drinking amounts
- Changes in kidney functions/urine flow

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15
Q
  1. Reproduction
A
  • Dioecious
  • Mostly external fert/oviparous
  • Some anadromous/catadromous
  • Various external development/life stages
  • Various parental care strategies
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16
Q

Class Actinopterygii

A

“rays” + “fins/wings”
- >34, 600 spp.
- Ray fins: rays form a joint with pectoral girdle

17
Q

Class Actinopterygii -> subclass Cladistia

A
  • AKA Polypterids; reedfishes and bichirs
  • 13 spp.
  • sister group “to the rest”
  • unique dorsal finlets
  • thick ganoid scales
  • diphycercal tail
  • lungs (air breather)
18
Q

Class Actinopterygii -> subclass chondrostei -> Acipenserids: paddlefishes and sturgeons

A
  • 29 spp.
  • cartilaginous endoskeleton
    • some ossification
  • heterocercal tail
  • spiracle (retained)
  • modified ganoid scales
    • scutes (sturgeons)
  • electroreceptors on paddle
19
Q

Class Actinopterygii -> Subclass neopterygii -> Holosteans: gars and one bowfin

A
  • 8 spp. (only one bowfin)
  • light ossification over cartilaginous skeleton
  • “ganoid” scales
  • Abbreviated heterocercal tail
  • lungs/swim bladder for breathing + buoyancy
20
Q

Class Actinopterygii -> subclass Neopterygii -> Teleosts: 99% (the rest!)

A
  • > 25, 000 spp.
  • Ossified bony skeleton
  • homocercal tail (some secondarily modified)
  • loss of basal bones in fins (only fin rays)
  • cycloid or ctenoid scales
  • swim bladder (from lung)
  • pharyngeal jaws (keep food from escaping)
  • mobile premaxilla jaw
21
Q

Clade Sarcopterygii

A
  • “flesh + fins/wings”
  • 8 spp.
  • Unique monobasal pectoral and pelvic fin attachments to girdle; homologous to humerus/femur
22
Q

Sarcopterygii -> Class Actinistia: Coelacanths

A
  • “Living Fossils”
  • “Hollow + spine”
  • 2 spp.
  • Rostral organ (electroreceptive)
  • Lobed structure of 2nd dorsal, anal fins
  • Modified cosmoid scales; spikey surface
  • Muscular lobe in center of tail
23
Q

Sarcopterygii -> Class Dipnoi: Lungfishes

A
  • “two + breathing”
  • closest *living relatives to tetrapods
  • double circulation (i.e., lungs-heart-body-heart
  • crushing tooth plates
  • diphycercal tail
    1. South American lungfish
  • 1 spp.
  • well developed lungs
  • choanae/internal nares (i.e., will drown in water!)
    2. African lungfish
  • 4 spp.
  • well developed lungs
  • estivation capability
    3. Australian lungfish
  • 1 spp
  • strongest fins (swimming)
  • gill respiration
  • i.e., the most aquatic
24
Q

Clade Tetrapodomorpha -> Superclass Tetrapoda

A
25
Q

Devonian World

A
  • 2 major land masses: Gondwana and Euramerica
  • Climate warm; continental centers dry; no polar ice caps
  • Extensive shallow seas
  • Plant “explosion”; terrestrial forests (end)
  • Diverse arthropods (end)
26
Q

Late “Fishapods”

A
  • Late Devonian lobe-finned fish and amphibious tetrapods
  • What features evolved in aquatic “fishapods” that made move to land possible?
27
Q
  1. Eusthenopteron
A
  • Late Devonian (385 mya)
  • Strictly aquatic
  • 1 upper arm bone (humerus) and 2 forearm bones (radius and ulna)
28
Q
  1. Tiktaalik
A
  • 375 mya
  • “the perfect intermediate”
  • No operculum and detached shoulder girdle = neck!
    • i.e. can lift the head
  • Some support on fins
    • Weight bearing girdles, wrists
29
Q
  1. Acanthostega - “Boris”
A
  • End Devonian (365 mya)
  • 8 toes/digits on limbs = tetrapod
  • Beginning of connection of pelvic girdle
    • Weight support
30
Q
  1. Icthyostega
A
  • 365 mya
  • Shoulder girdle and muscles
  • Pelvic girdle strongly attached!
  • 7 toes/digits = tetrapod
  • Fish-like tail (i.e., still aquatic)
  • Amphibian skull and lungs, ear to detect airborne sounds

Animal Diversity (15 decks)

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