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NPCC > OSS > Flashcards

OSS Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 materials of ropes?

A

1) natural fibre
2) metal wire
3) synthetic fibre

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2
Q

what are the qualities of natural fibre (lifespan/strength/size)?

A

lifespan: rots easily under harsh sun/wet conditions
strength: limited strength due to material
size: usually shorter as natural fibres are short

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3
Q

what are the qualities of metal wire (lifespan/strength/size)?

A

lifespan: rusts under wet conditions with exposure to oxygen
strength: varies (alloys stronger than pure metals)
size: varies (more malleable produced in larger yields)

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4
Q

what are the qualities of synthetic fibre (lifespan/strength/size)?

A

lifespan: more resilient to rotting (waterproof/absorbs less water)
strength: stronger and lighter (but more slippery) than natural fibres
size: depends on demand (constantly produced in large yields)

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5
Q

what are the 2 types of ropes?

A

1) laid ropes
2) braided ropes

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6
Q

what are laid ropes?

A

3 or more strands twisted together (common in right hand lay), each strand is many fibres twisted together

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7
Q

what are braided ropes?

A

3 or more separate strands interwoven in a diagonal and overlapping pattern (2 layers - core made of braided yarn, outer shell made of thicker braided yarn)

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8
Q

how should ropes be maintained (EKKKAAH)?

A

1) ensure they are dry and clean before storing
2) keep in well-ventilated room
3) keep away from UV and sunlight
4) keep away from chemical contamination
5) avoid leaving in a position for too long
6) avoid overloading
7) handle with care

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9
Q

what is the difference between underhand and overhand loops?

A

underhand: standing over working (running) end
overhand: working (running) over standing end

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10
Q

what does it mean to dress a knot?

A

arrange cuts and bends of knot to fulfil its function

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11
Q

what does it mean to capsize a knot?

A

deform the knot so it no longer fulfils its function

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12
Q

what are the 5 types of knots?

A

1) stopper
2) loop
3) hitches
4) bends
5) shortening formations

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13
Q

what are 3 uses of stopper knots and examples?

A

1) prevents fraying of rope
2) stops rope from slipping through hole (provide handhold, acts as stopper for pulley)
3) to add weight to rope

e.g. thumb knot, figure of 8

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14
Q

why is figure of 8 better than thumb knots?

A

thumb knot:
- difficult to untie when strained as strain acts on 1 point

figure of 8:
- does not weaken strength of rope as much under strain
- easier to untie due to more gaps, loops and cutting

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15
Q

what is the use of loop knots and examples?

A

to form loop for different reasons (e.g. hold onto an object)

e.g. bowline, tent guy loop, slip knot, manharness

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16
Q

what are bowlines, slip knots, manharnesses and tent guy loops?

A

bowline:
- non-adjustable (does not jam/slip easily) even under severe strain
- may not hold if rigid/slippery ropes used

slip knot:
- used for temporary/quick-release purposes (knot should untie when pulled on working end)

manharness:
- handle for hauling objects
- ties loop in middle instead of end (bowline/tent guy loop)

tent guy loop:
- inserts working end through slip knot (adjustable loop)
- acts as pulley, giving mechanical advantage in tying of guylines

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17
Q

what is the use of hitches and examples?

A

used to tie rope to object (e.g. spar, ring)

e.g. clove hitch, timberhitch, round turn and two half-hitches

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18
Q

what are clove hitches, round turn two half-hitches and timberhitches?

A

clove hitch:
- made of 2 half-hitches to start/anchor rope obstacles
- non-adjustable
- commonly used at the start of lashings

round turn 2 half-hitches:
- secures rope to objects and allows rope to turn 360 degrees
- can take much strain
- secures docks to posts, hammocks to trees

timberhitch:
- highly adjustable, used for logging (cutting/transporting trees) purposes
- greater strain = greater tightness
- very easy to untie

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19
Q

what is the use of bends and examples?

A

joins 2 ropes

e.g. fisherman’s knot, sheetbend, reef knot

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20
Q

what are fisherman’s knots, sheetbends and reef knots?

A

fisherman’s knot:
- joins slippery ropes/ropes with small and equal diameter

sheetbend: joins two ropes of unequal diameters together
- joins ropes of different thickness
- quick/easy to tie/untie

reef knot: joins two ropes of equal diameters together
- flat and easy to untie
- not as secure as other bends

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21
Q

what is the use of shortening formations and examples?

A

shortens rope

e.g. sheepshank, chain knot

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22
Q

what are sheepshanks and chain knots?

A

sheepshank:
- shortens ropes without cutting them, bypass worn section in centre of knots
- half-hitches at ends allow for easy untying under no strain

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23
Q

what are round lashings (3 points)?

A
  • to tie 2 or more spars together (common in erecting flagpoles)
  • not strong if too many spars/spars with poor orientation tied together
  • can be secured by driving small wooden peg between poles
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24
Q

what are shear lashings (3 points)?

A
  • holds 2 crooked spars together
  • to construct shear legs (raises structures up when spars are opened up)
  • may be used as part of A-frames
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25
Q

what are square lashings (3 points)?

A
  • to tie 2 spars together, right angles apart from each other
  • 4-5 rounds, 3 fraps
  • both clove hitches on same side
26
Q

what are diagonal lashings (3 points)?

A
  • to tie spars together at any angle
  • 3 rounds per direction, 3 fraps
  • ending clove hitch on any pole
27
Q

what are gyn lashings (3 points)?

A
  • to bind 3 or more poles to create stands
  • 2 fraps per interval
  • clove hitches facing away on opposite poles
28
Q

what are coilings (3 points)?

A
  • proper ways to keep ropes
  • prevent ropes from entangling when kept
  • very neat
29
Q

how to simple coil?

A
  • coil up rope
  • take working end and make a bight
  • hold onto bight and create loops around coil
  • put working end through bight and tighten
30
Q

how to old navy coil?

A
  • coil up rope
  • go 2-3 rounds around coil with working end
  • make a bight through a bight of the coil
  • tighten by pulling working end
31
Q

what is the use of whipping and the 3 main methods?

A

maintains quality of ropes by preventing fraying

e.g. simple ~, west country ~, flame ~

other methods: glue/tape/plastic tubing (melt plastic on rope)

32
Q

how to simple whipping?

A
  • lay loop on one end of rope
  • make a few rounds around rope and loop
  • insert working end into loop
  • pull standing end down to secure and hide working end
33
Q

how to west country whipping?

A
  • tie thumb knot around rope
  • tie another at the opposite side of rope
  • repeat this and end with reef knot
34
Q

how to flame whipping?

A
  • tape frayed end
  • flame the part under the tape
  • cut off burnt end and flame tip again
35
Q

what is the use of fireman’s chair?

A

used to lower casualty from higher grounds

36
Q

what is the use of marlinspike?

A

for nautical activites/making rope ladders

(it’s literally just a slip knot.)

37
Q

what is the use of highwayman hitch?

A

can be undone when one end is pulled, used for quick-release (e.g. tying horse to a pole)

38
Q

what are rolling hitches?

A

basically more secure clove hitches as they have more rounds

39
Q

describe map setting by inspection

A
  • identify significant features (mountains, rivers, roads, large trees) of surrounding which are also present on the map
  • compare and rotate map to align to orientation of landmarks
40
Q

describe measuring map distances (string, paper, ruler)

A

string:
- curved distances

paper & ruler:
- straight distances

41
Q

what are numerical and linear scales?

A

numerical:
- in a ratio (e.g. 1:10000)

linear:
- place measured tool against scale, have an end starting on the major scale, and the other lying on the minor scale

42
Q

what are contour lines?

A

lines on map joining points of equal elevation above sea level

*standard measurement in metres
*closer together = steeper (CONVEX SLOPE), farther apart = gentler (CONCAVE SLOPE)

43
Q

what are the 8 terrain features?

A

1) hilltops
2) ridges
3) saddles
4) valleys
5) depressions
6) draws
7) spurs
8) cliffs

44
Q

what are hilltops?

A

point of highground where it slopes down in all directions

*provides good view of surroundings to plan for next move/good place to signal for help

45
Q

what are ridges?

A

continuous line of highground

*animal trails often found in ridgelines, useful for hunting/water sources/avoiding dense vegetation

46
Q

what are saddles?

A

dip/low point along crest of a ridge

*often indicates a draw along side of ridges, sometimes containing water which flows downhill into a valley

47
Q

what are valleys?

A

groove bordered on the sides by highground

*usually formed by streams/rivers
*increased human activity
*useful as “handrails” to stay on track

48
Q

what are depressions?

A

low point/hole in ground surrounded by highground on all sides

49
Q

what are draws?

A

initial formation of valley along sides of ridges

50
Q

what are spurs?

A

short, continuously sloping line of higher ground jutting out from sides of ridges

*often formed by parallel streams (draws) cutting draws down sides of ridges

51
Q

what are cliffs?

A

(near-)vertical slope

*indicated on map as very close-together contour lines/contour lines with small lines extending out (‘carrying’ contour lines)

52
Q

describe how to measure ground distances by pacing

A
  • count number of paces taken for a normal distance (e.g. 100m)
  • repeat 2-3 times to obtain average (e.g. 70 double paces = 100m)
  • (no. of single/double paces taken to cover unknown ground distance) / (100m single/double pace) x 100m = ground distance
    • e.g.: 140 / 70 x 100 = 200m

*to avoid errors, walk normally and alongside roads

53
Q

what are the 3 types of Norths?

A

1) true North
2) grid North
3) magnetic North

54
Q

what is true North?

A

direction which people assume is the North Pole

55
Q

what is grid North?

A

northern direction of north-south grid lines on map

*bearings measured from grid North are called grid bearings

56
Q

what is magnetic North?

A

direction which compass needle points to when free from error/undisturbed, points to magnetic pole (differs from North Pole), varies year to year

*bearings measured from magnetic North are called magnetic bearings (read on magnetic compass, subject to its individual error)

57
Q

what are bearings?

A

measurement of direction between two points given in degrees (3 digits), they help you find your position relative to magnetic North

58
Q

how are back bearings measured?

A

forward bearing:
less than 180deg - add 180deg
more than 180deg - subtract 180deg

*can be used to check whether you are going in the right direction
*can retrace steps if someone is lost

59
Q

describe the parts of a compass

A

base plate:
- contains ruler(s) and direction-of-travel arrow (DOTA)

compass:
- contains magnetic needle (red end is north-seeking)

dial:
- see-through plastic case around compass that can be rotated
- orienting lines and arrow rotate with dial
- orienting lines: parallel lines rotating with bezel (align with north-south lines on map to align orienting arrow North)
- orienting arrow: orients bezel

60
Q

describe how to measure map bearing with a compass

A
  • place compass with long side along line AB, with DOTA pointing at B
  • turn dial until orienting arrow points towards grid North
  • grid bearing of B from A - look at which degree on the bezel the index line lines up with
  • have DOTA point away from you and rotate body until needle is in orienting arrow, walk forward until you reach the destination
61
Q

describe how to measure find your map position with field bearing

A
  • hold compass flat and DOTA pointing at object
  • rotate bezel until needle lies in orienting arrow
  • field bearing - look at which degree on the bezel the index line lines up with
  • put a corner of straight edge on the destination/landmark with DOTA pointing in general direction of it
  • keep DOTA pointing in that general direction while rotating baseplate until orienting lines are running north-south and North marker on bezel pointing to map North
  • draw line along on map along straight edge; point of intersection with trail is your position on map

*repeat another 2 times with other landmarks to triangulate if trail is unknown

NPCC (1 decks)

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