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1
Q

what are the 3 materials of ropes?

A

1) natural fibre
2) metal wire
3) synthetic fibre

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2
Q

what are the qualities of natural fibre (lifespan/strength/size)?

A

lifespan: rots easily under harsh sun/wet conditions
strength: limited strength due to material
size: usually shorter as natural fibres are short

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3
Q

what are the qualities of metal wire (lifespan/strength/size)?

A

lifespan: rusts under wet conditions with exposure to oxygen
strength: varies (alloys stronger than pure metals)
size: varies (more malleable produced in larger yields)

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4
Q

what are the qualities of synthetic fibre (lifespan/strength/size)?

A

lifespan: more resilient to rotting (waterproof/absorbs less water)
strength: stronger and lighter (but more slippery) than natural fibres
size: depends on demand (constantly produced in large yields)

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5
Q

what are the 2 types of ropes?

A

1) laid ropes
2) braided ropes

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6
Q

what are laid ropes?

A

3 or more strands twisted together (common in right hand lay), each strand is many fibres twisted together

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7
Q

what are braided ropes?

A

3 or more separate strands interwoven in a diagonal and overlapping pattern (2 layers - core made of braided yarn, outer shell made of thicker braided yarn)

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8
Q

how should ropes be maintained (EKKKAAH)?

A

1) ensure they are dry and clean before storing
2) keep in well-ventilated room
3) keep away from UV and sunlight
4) keep away from chemical contamination
5) avoid leaving in a position for too long
6) avoid overloading
7) handle with care

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9
Q

what is the difference between underhand and overhand loops?

A

underhand: standing over working (running) end
overhand: working (running) over standing end

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10
Q

what does it mean to dress a knot?

A

arrange cuts and bends of knot to fulfil its function

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11
Q

what does it mean to capsize a knot?

A

deform the knot so it no longer fulfils its function

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12
Q

what are the 5 types of knots?

A

1) stopper
2) loop
3) hitches
4) bends
5) shortening formations

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13
Q

what are 3 uses of stopper knots and examples?

A

1) prevents fraying of rope
2) stops rope from slipping through hole (provide handhold, acts as stopper for pulley)
3) to add weight to rope

e.g. thumb knot, figure of 8

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14
Q

why is figure of 8 better than thumb knots?

A

thumb knot:
- difficult to untie when strained as strain acts on 1 point

figure of 8:
- does not weaken strength of rope as much under strain
- easier to untie due to more gaps, loops and cutting

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15
Q

what is the use of loop knots and examples?

A

to form loop for different reasons (e.g. hold onto an object)

e.g. bowline, tent guy loop, slip knot, manharness

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16
Q

what are bowlines, slip knots, manharnesses and tent guy loops?

A

bowline:
- non-adjustable (does not jam/slip easily) even under severe strain
- may not hold if rigid/slippery ropes used

slip knot:
- used for temporary/quick-release purposes (knot should untie when pulled on working end)

manharness:
- handle for hauling objects
- ties loop in middle instead of end (bowline/tent guy loop)

tent guy loop:
- inserts working end through slip knot (adjustable loop)
- acts as pulley, giving mechanical advantage in tying of guylines

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17
Q

what is the use of hitches and examples?

A

used to tie rope to object (e.g. spar, ring)

e.g. clove hitch, timberhitch, round turn and two half-hitches

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18
Q

what are clove hitches, round turn two half-hitches and timberhitches?

A

clove hitch:
- made of 2 half-hitches to start/anchor rope obstacles
- non-adjustable
- commonly used at the start of lashings

round turn 2 half-hitches:
- secures rope to objects and allows rope to turn 360 degrees
- can take much strain
- secures docks to posts, hammocks to trees

timberhitch:
- highly adjustable, used for logging (cutting/transporting trees) purposes
- greater strain = greater tightness
- very easy to untie

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19
Q

what is the use of bends and examples?

A

joins 2 ropes

e.g. fisherman’s knot, sheetbend, reef knot

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20
Q

what are fisherman’s knots, sheetbends and reef knots?

A

fisherman’s knot:
- joins slippery ropes/ropes with small and equal diameter

sheetbend: joins two ropes of unequal diameters together
- joins ropes of different thickness
- quick/easy to tie/untie

reef knot: joins two ropes of equal diameters together
- flat and easy to untie
- not as secure as other bends

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21
Q

what is the use of shortening formations and examples?

A

shortens rope

e.g. sheepshank, chain knot

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22
Q

what are sheepshanks and chain knots?

A

sheepshank:
- shortens ropes without cutting them, bypass worn section in centre of knots
- half-hitches at ends allow for easy untying under no strain

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23
Q

what are round lashings (3 points)?

A
  • to tie 2 or more spars together (common in erecting flagpoles)
  • not strong if too many spars/spars with poor orientation tied together
  • can be secured by driving small wooden peg between poles
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24
Q

what are shear lashings (3 points)?

A
  • holds 2 crooked spars together
  • to construct shear legs (raises structures up when spars are opened up)
  • may be used as part of A-frames
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25
what are square lashings (3 points)?
- to tie 2 spars together, right angles apart from each other - 4-5 rounds, 3 fraps - both clove hitches on same side
26
what are diagonal lashings (3 points)?
- to tie spars together at any angle - 3 rounds per direction, 3 fraps - ending clove hitch on any pole
27
what are gyn lashings (3 points)?
- to bind 3 or more poles to create stands - 2 fraps per interval - clove hitches facing away on opposite poles
28
what are coilings (3 points)?
- proper ways to keep ropes - prevent ropes from entangling when kept - very neat
29
how to simple coil?
- coil up rope - take working end and make a bight - hold onto bight and create loops around coil - put working end through bight and tighten
30
how to old navy coil?
- coil up rope - go 2-3 rounds around coil with working end - make a bight through a bight of the coil - tighten by pulling working end
31
what is the use of whipping and the 3 main methods?
maintains quality of ropes by preventing fraying e.g. simple ~, west country ~, flame ~ other methods: glue/tape/plastic tubing (melt plastic on rope)
32
how to simple whipping?
- lay loop on one end of rope - make a few rounds around rope and loop - insert working end into loop - pull standing end down to secure and hide working end
33
how to west country whipping?
- tie thumb knot around rope - tie another at the opposite side of rope - repeat this and end with reef knot
34
how to flame whipping?
- tape frayed end - flame the part under the tape - cut off burnt end and flame tip again
35
what is the use of fireman's chair?
used to lower casualty from higher grounds
36
what is the use of marlinspike?
for nautical activites/making rope ladders (it's literally just a slip knot.)
37
what is the use of highwayman hitch?
can be undone when one end is pulled, used for quick-release (e.g. tying horse to a pole)
38
what are rolling hitches?
basically more secure clove hitches as they have more rounds
39
describe map setting by inspection
- identify significant features (mountains, rivers, roads, large trees) of surrounding which are also present on the map - compare and rotate map to align to orientation of landmarks
40
describe measuring map distances (string, paper, ruler)
string: - curved distances paper & ruler: - straight distances
41
what are numerical and linear scales?
numerical: - in a ratio (e.g. 1:10000) linear: - place measured tool against scale, have an end starting on the major scale, and the other lying on the minor scale
42
what are contour lines?
lines on map joining points of equal elevation above sea level *standard measurement in metres *closer together = steeper (CONVEX SLOPE), farther apart = gentler (CONCAVE SLOPE)
43
what are the 8 terrain features?
1) hilltops 2) ridges 3) saddles 4) valleys 5) depressions 6) draws 7) spurs 8) cliffs
44
what are hilltops?
point of highground where it slopes down in all directions *provides good view of surroundings to plan for next move/good place to signal for help
45
what are ridges?
continuous line of highground *animal trails often found in ridgelines, useful for hunting/water sources/avoiding dense vegetation
46
what are saddles?
dip/low point along crest of a ridge *often indicates a draw along side of ridges, sometimes containing water which flows downhill into a valley
47
what are valleys?
groove bordered on the sides by highground *usually formed by streams/rivers *increased human activity *useful as "handrails" to stay on track
48
what are depressions?
low point/hole in ground surrounded by highground on all sides
49
what are draws?
initial formation of valley along sides of ridges
50
what are spurs?
short, continuously sloping line of higher ground jutting out from sides of ridges *often formed by parallel streams (draws) cutting draws down sides of ridges
51
what are cliffs?
(near-)vertical slope *indicated on map as very close-together contour lines/contour lines with small lines extending out ('carrying' contour lines)
52
describe how to measure ground distances by pacing
- count number of paces taken for a normal distance (e.g. 100m) - repeat 2-3 times to obtain average (e.g. 70 double paces = 100m) - (no. of single/double paces taken to cover unknown ground distance) / (100m single/double pace) x 100m = ground distance - e.g.: 140 / 70 x 100 = 200m *to avoid errors, walk normally and alongside roads
53
what are the 3 types of Norths?
1) true North 2) grid North 3) magnetic North
54
what is true North?
direction which people assume is the North Pole
55
what is grid North?
northern direction of north-south grid lines on map *bearings measured from grid North are called grid bearings
56
what is magnetic North?
direction which compass needle points to when free from error/undisturbed, points to magnetic pole (differs from North Pole), varies year to year *bearings measured from magnetic North are called magnetic bearings (read on magnetic compass, subject to its individual error)
57
what are bearings?
measurement of direction between two points given in degrees (3 digits), they help you find your position relative to magnetic North
58
how are back bearings measured?
forward bearing: less than 180deg - add 180deg more than 180deg - subtract 180deg *can be used to check whether you are going in the right direction *can retrace steps if someone is lost
59
describe the parts of a compass
base plate: - contains ruler(s) and direction-of-travel arrow (DOTA) compass: - contains magnetic needle (red end is north-seeking) dial: - see-through plastic case around compass that can be rotated - orienting lines and arrow rotate with dial - orienting lines: parallel lines rotating with bezel (align with north-south lines on map to align orienting arrow North) - orienting arrow: orients bezel
60
describe how to measure map bearing with a compass
- place compass with long side along line AB, with DOTA pointing at B - turn dial until orienting arrow points towards grid North - grid bearing of B from A - look at which degree on the bezel the index line lines up with - have DOTA point away from you and rotate body until needle is in orienting arrow, walk forward until you reach the destination
61
describe how to measure find your map position with field bearing
- hold compass flat and DOTA pointing at object - rotate bezel until needle lies in orienting arrow - field bearing - look at which degree on the bezel the index line lines up with - put a corner of straight edge on the destination/landmark with DOTA pointing in general direction of it - keep DOTA pointing in that general direction while rotating baseplate until orienting lines are running north-south and North marker on bezel pointing to map North - draw line along on map along straight edge; point of intersection with trail is your position on map *repeat another 2 times with other landmarks to triangulate if trail is unknown

NPCC (1 decks)

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