OSPE

Question 1

What is the additive and intended purpose for the red vacutainer?

Answer 1

Additive: Clot activator

Intended Purpose: Serology/Immunology

Question 2

What is the additive and intended purpose for the pink vacutainer?

Answer 2

Additive: Clot activator

Intended Purpose: Crossmatch Testing

Question 3

What is the additive and intended purpose for the green vacutainer?

Answer 3

Additive : Lithium Heparin

Intended Purpose : Clinical Chemistry

Question 4

What is the additive and intended purpose for the purple vacutainer?

Answer 4

Additive: Potassium EDTA

Intended purpose: Haematology

Question 5

What is the additive and intended purpose for the light blue vacutainer?

Answer 5

Additive: Sodium Citrate

Intended Purpose: Coagulation

Question 6

What is the additive and intended purpose for the grey vacutainer?

Answer 6

Additive: Sodium Fluoride

Intended Purpose: Glucose

Question 7

What is the correct tube colour for clot actvator?

Answer 7

Dark Blue

Question 8

What would you do if you sustained a needlestick injury?

Answer 8

1. Encourage free bleeding, do not suck the wound
2. Thoroughly wash the area with soap and running water
3. Cover with a waterproof dressing
4. Report injuries to the manager (and occupational health provider)
5. Seek advide promptly from occupational health

Question 9

How would you deal with a blood spillage?

Answer 9

1. Warn others of hazard
2. Wear appropriate PPE
3. Apply lab bleach / germicide as directed
4. Use paper towels
5. Dispose of paper towels in clinical waste

More specific guidance:

1. Prepare all items required to manage the spillage.
2. Wear PPE (page 7)
3. Apply chlorine releasing granules as per manufacturer’s instructions or place disposable paper towels (or other similar item) over spillage to absorb and contain it. Discard towels into waste. Cover area with paper towels and gently pour a freshly prepared 10,000ppm solution of hypochlorite e.g. diluted household bleach or Milton according to manufactures instructions
4. Follow manufactures instructions or leave for 3 minutes.
5. Use disposable towels to clear the area and discard into the waste.
6. Dry or allow to air dry

THEN

1. Wash area with general purpose detergent and warm water then dry
2. Discard disposables into waste including PPE
3. Wash hands

Question 10

Why is informed consent important?

Answer 10

• Require peer reviewed, professional/ethical approach, ensuring experimental process is voluntary
• Volunteers must understand the risks and benefits of experimental procedures
• Volunteers should understand that there may be no benefit to themselves
• Volunteers must be free to withdraw at any time
• Volunteers must know how data about them will be used and stored

Question 11

What are normal blood values?

Answer 11

pCO2 = 40 mmHg

HCO3 = 24mmol/l (> 6.0kPa = acidosis, < 4.7 kPa alkalosis)

pH = 7.4

Question 12

What are normal urine values?

Answer 12

• Osmolality = ~1000 mOsm/l
• pH = ~6.0 (varies though!)

Question 13

What are causes of metabolic acidosis?

Answer 13

Normal anion gap:

• GI bicarbonate loss (diarrhoea, fistula)
• Addisons
• Ammonium chloride injection

Raised anion gap:

• Lactate from shock or hypoxia
• Ketones: DKA, alcohol
• Urate - renal failure

Question 14

What are causes of metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 14

Ususally due to renal or GI problems

Vomitting

Diuretics

Primary hyperaldosteronism

Liquorice

Hypokalaemia

Cushings

Question 15

What are the causes of respiratory Acidosis?

Answer 15

COPD

ASthma

Pulmonary oedema

Sedative drugs

Question 16

What are the casues of respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 16

Anxiety - hyperventilation

Hypoxia causing subsequent hyperventilation:

• PE
• High Altitude
• CNS stimulation: stroke, subarachnoid, haemorrhage, encephalitis
• Pregnancy

Question 17

Answer 17