Osmoregulation

Question 1

what does ADH do

Answer 1

controls amount of water reabsorbed in kidneys

Question 2

what system is water regulation

Answer 2

negative feedback system

Question 3

what releases ADH

Answer 3

pituitary gland

Question 4

what us transcellular transport

Answer 4

movement through the cell across membranes

Question 5

what is paracellular transport

Answer 5

movement between cells

Question 6

what does it mean if a cell has water potential

Answer 6

water will flow into cell

Question 7

osmoconformer

Answer 7

Does not regulate and body fluid and cells are equal in osmotic pressure

Question 8

osmoregulators

Answer 8

osmotic pressure of body fluids is regulated and different from external environment

Question 9

stenohaline osmoconfomer can’t what

Answer 9

-regulate osmolytes
-tolerate changes in external salt concentration

Question 10

euryhaline osmoconformers can what

Answer 10

-tolerant changes in salinity
-regulate organic osmolytes in their cells

Question 11

How do fish, amphibians, aquatic invertebrates NH3

Answer 11

Get rid of NH3 directly

Question 12

how do mammals, sharks, rays, turtles get rid of NH3

Answer 12

Make urea to get rid of NH3

Question 13

what do lizards, snakes, birds and insects do to get rid of NH3

Answer 13

Use uric acid

Question 14

explain NH3

Answer 14

-least energy to produce
-more water to excrete
-more toxic or pertubing

Question 15

explain urea

Answer 15

-less energy
-less water to secrete
-less toxic

Question 16

explain uric acid

Answer 16

-more energy to produce
-least water to secrete
-non toxic

Question 17

where is primary urine produced

Answer 17

proximal tubule

Question 18

In proximal tubule there is

Answer 18

-Minor changes in osmotic conc
-major ionic changes

Question 19

In distal tubule there is

Answer 19

-different concentration of blood
-major changes in osmotic concentration

Question 20

what does storage bladder produce

Answer 20

hyper-osmotic urine

Question 21

what is a Juxtamedullary nephron

Answer 21

-descends deep into medulla
-15% of nephrons

Question 22

glomerular capillary blood pressure does what

Answer 22

favours filitration, capillary into capsule

Question 23

plasma colloid osmotic pressure

Answer 23

opposes filtration

Question 24

Bowmans capsule

Answer 24

opposes filtration

Question 25

net filtration pressure

Answer 25

favors filtration

Question 26

99% of filtrate is reabsorbed by what

Answer 26

nephron tubules

Question 27

Atpase pumping NA out and K in interstitial fluid creates

Answer 27

a higher concentration of sodium in interstitial fluid, than tubular fluid

Question 28

sodium flowing into epithilial cell is? and what does it bring with it?

Answer 28

-along its electrochemical gradient
-glucose

Question 29

glucose flows in with sodium from what? and glucose flowing into the cell is?

Answer 29

-cotransporter
-against its gradient

Question 30

build up of glucose causes a?

Answer 30

-concentration gradient

Question 31

then glucose flows out of epithelial cell from?

Answer 31

facilitated diffusion transporter

Question 32

lots of K in cell but its fine because?

Answer 32

K leak channels balance concentration out

Question 33

what does sodium moving along (into cell) its gradient activate?

Answer 33

activates counter transporter which allows hydrogen to move out of the cell, which is against its gradient

Question 34

Why does bicarbonate flow out of basolateral membrane into interstitial fluid?

Answer 34

Because body wants to retain bicarbonate

Question 35

and this is?

Answer 35

along its gradient

Question 36

what does bicarbonate bring?

Answer 36

sodium against its gradient

Question 37

End result

Answer 37

Build up of sodium and positive charge in interstitial fluid

Question 38

what is tubular fluid

Answer 38

stuff that has been filtered out by glomerulus

Question 39

what does loop of henle do

Answer 39

-establishes osmotic gradient and reduces osmotic pressure of filtrate from 300 mOsm to 100 mOsm
-Allow for water reabsorption
-Makes urine hyperosmotic

Question 40

Descending limb is

Answer 40

permeable to water
impermeable to NaCl