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Electrolytes > Osmolality > Flashcards

Osmolality Flashcards

1
Q

Ions capable of carrying an electric charge

A

Electrolytes

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2
Q

Electrolytes with a positive charge is called? And it move towards the _____ in an electric field

A

Cation

Cathode

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3
Q

Electrolyte with a negative charge is called? And it move toward the _______ in an electric field?

A

Anion

Anode

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4
Q

Ions capable of carrying an electric charge

A

Electrolytes

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5
Q

Electrolytes involve in volume and osmotic regulation

A

Sodium, chloride, potassium

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6
Q

Electrolyte involved in regulation of adenosine triphosphatase ion pumps

A

Magnesium

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7
Q

Electrolyte involved in neuromuscular excitability

A

Potassium, calcium and magnesium

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8
Q

Electrolyte involved in production and use of ATP from glucose

A

Magnesium and phosphate

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9
Q

Electrolyte involved in myocardial rhythm and contractility

A

Potassium, magnesium and calcium

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10
Q

Electrolyte involved in cofactors in enzyme activation

A

Magnesium, calcium and zinc

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11
Q

Electrolyte involved in regulation of acid-base balance

A

Bicarbonate, potassium and chloride

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12
Q

Electrolyte involved in blood coagulation

A

Calcium and magnesium

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13
Q

True or false

Women have lower average water content than men

A

True

Due to higher fat content

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14
Q

Water content of the human body

A

40% to 75% of total body weight

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15
Q

It is the solvent for all processes in the body

A

Water

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16
Q

Where is water located in the body?

A

Intracellular and extracellular compartments

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17
Q

Cite functions of water

A

Transports nutrients to cell
Determines cell volume
Remove waste products through urine
Act as the body’s coolant through sweating

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18
Q

It is the fluid inside the cell

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

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19
Q

It accounts for one third of total body water

A

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

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20
Q

Accounts for two thirds of total body water

A

Intracellular fluid

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21
Q

ECF can be subdivided into….

A

Intravascular ECF (plasma) and interstitial cell fluid

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22
Q

Fluid that surrounds the cells in the tissue

A

Interstitial fluid

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23
Q

True or false

Plasma is 98% water

A

False

93% water

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24
Q

The concentration of ion within cells ansd in plasma are maintained by…

A

Active transport and diffusion (or passive transport) processes

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25
Q

Passive movement of ions across a membrane

A

Diffusion

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26
Q

Mechanism that requires energy to move ions across cellular membranes

A

Active transport

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27
Q

Diffusion depends on what factors?

A

Size and charge of ion

Nature of membrane

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28
Q

True or false

Most biologic membranes are freely permeable to water, ions and proteins

A

False

Only permeable to water

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29
Q

Distribution of water is controlled by maintaining what?

A

concentration of electrolytes and proteins

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30
Q

Factors influencing flow of water

A

Sodium
Other ions and proteins
Blood pressure

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31
Q

Basis for routine measurements of osmolality. Also, these are considered as the two most frequently used method of analysis

A

Vapor pressure decrease (dew point) and freezing point depression

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32
Q

It is a physical propertyof a solution that is based on the concentration of solutes per kilogram of solvent

A

Osmolality

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33
Q

A term occasionally used and is reported as miliosmoles per liter

A

Osmolarity

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34
Q

Osmolarity is inaccurate in cases of

A

Hyperlipidemia or hyperproteinemia

Presence of osmotically active substances (mannitol or alcohol)

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35
Q

Formerly called Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Arginine vasopressin hormone (AVP)

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36
Q

AVP and sensation of thirst are stimulated by the ____________ in response to ___________

A

Hypothalamus

Increased osmolality of blood

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37
Q

Important mechanism in mediating fluid intake

A

Thirst

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38
Q

AVP is secreted by the ______________ and acts on the cells of the ___________ to increase water reabsorption

A 
Post pituitary gland 
Collecting duct (medullary and cortical collecting tubules)
39
Q

Cite Natural responses to thirst sensation

A

Consume more fluid
Increase water content of ECF
Diluting the elevated sodium level
Decrease osmolality of plasma

40
Q

When water is conserved, what happens to osmolality and AVP?

A

Osmolality decreases

AVP secretion ceases

41
Q

Regulation of osmolality affects what ion concentration?

A

Sodium

42
Q

An important parameter to which the hypothalamus responds

A

Osmolality in plasma

43
Q

It accounts for 90% of the osmotic activity in plasma

A

Sodium

44
Q

Important regulatory processes affecting Na concentration

A

Regulation of blood volume and osmolality

45
Q

Osmolality is regulated by changes in?

A

Water balance

46
Q

Blood volume is regulated by changes in?

A

Na balance

47
Q

Receptors in hypothalamus that responds quickly to small changes in osmolality, thus, essential to maintain plasma osmolality.

A

Osmoreceptors

48
Q

1% to 2% decrease in osmolality leads to

A

Shutting off of AVP production

49
Q

Half life of AVP in the circulation

A

15-20 minutes

50
Q

1% to 2% increase in osmolality leads to

A

Increase in circulating concentration of AVP

51
Q

Mechanism that is More important in controlling water excess

A

Renal water excretion

52
Q

Renal water regulation is done by

A

avp and thirst

53
Q

Mechanism that is more important in preventing water deficit or dehydration

A

Thirst

54
Q

Excess intake of water results to

A

Lower plasma osmolality

Suppression of AVP and thirst

55
Q

Water excreted when there is an excess intake of water

A

10 to 20 L daily

56
Q

It usually occur in patients with impaired renal excretion of water

A

Hyponatremia and hypoosmolality

57
Q

Major defense against hyperosmolality and hypernatremia

A

Thirst

58
Q

Increase plasma osmolality, activated AVP and thirst

These happens in what condition?

A

Water deficit

59
Q

Osmotic stimulation of thirst progressively diminishes in people who are older than?

A

60 yrs old

60
Q

True or false

In older patients ( with diminished mental status and illness), dehydration becomes increasingly likely

A

True

61
Q

True or false

Hyponatremia is a concern in infants, unconscious patients, or anyone who is unable to either drink or ask for water

A

False

Hypernatremia

62
Q

How does a patient wt diabetes insipidus prevent dehydration and have normal plasma sodium levels?

A

Thru thirst

Intake matches the output and therefore retains normal plasma sodium level

63
Q

Regulation of ______________ and ________ is interrelated in controlling blood volume

A

Sodium and water

64
Q

It is essential in maintaining blood pressure and ensure good perfusion to all tissue and organs

A

Adequate blood volume

65
Q

This mechanism responds primarily to a decreased blood volume

A

RAAS

Renin-angiotensis-aldosterone system

66
Q

This hormone is secreted near the renal glomeruli in response to decreased renal blood flow

A

Renin

67
Q

Renin converts what to angiotensin I then later on to angiotensin II?

A

angiotensinogen

68
Q

This activated form causes vasoconstriction, which quickly increases blood pressure and secretion of aldosterone

A

Angiotensin II

69
Q

This receptor detects changes in blood volume

A

Stretch receptors

70
Q

Stretch receptors are located in

A

Cardiopulmonary circulation
Carotid sinus
Aortic arch
Glomerular arterioles

71
Q

Stretch receptors activate aseries of responses that restore volume by

A

Varying vascular resistance, cardiac output, and renal sodium and water retention

72
Q

4 Factors that affect blood volume

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Volume receptors independent of osmolality (stimulate the release of AVP)
Glomerular filtration rate
Increased plasma sodium

73
Q

Released from myocardial atria in response to volume expansion and promotes sodium excretion in kidney

A

ANP

74
Q

Two peptides that act together in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance

A

ANP and B-type natriuretic peptide

75
Q

True or false

GFR increases wt volume depletion and decreases wt volume expansion

A

False

Inc. = volume expansion 
Dec = volume depletion
76
Q

True or false

Inc plasma sodium will increase urinary Na excretion (and vice versa)

A

True

77
Q

Vol of glomerular filtrate produced daily and is conserved by the tubules

A

150 L

78
Q

True or false

98 to 99% of water is filtered by the tubules

A

False

Sodium

79
Q

True or false

1% to 2% increase in tubular reabsorption of Na can increase water loss by several liters per day

A

False

1% to 2% reduction

80
Q

Urine osmolality is increased in what type of condition

A

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

Hypovolemia

81
Q

Urine osmolality is decreased in what conditions

A

Diabetes insipidus

Polydipsia

82
Q

Spx used in measuring osmolality

A

Urine or serum

83
Q

What are the major electrolyte concentrations which provide the largest contribution to serum osmolality values

A

Sodium, chloride and bicarbonate

84
Q

True or false

Plasma can also be used in detecting osmolality

A

False

Osmotically active substances may be present in the anticoagulant

85
Q

True or false

Increase in osmolality, decreases the freezing point temp and vapor pressure

A

True

86
Q

Samples to be measured for osmolality should be free of what to obtain accurate results?

A

Particulate matter

87
Q

A turbid serum should be _____ before analysis

A

Centrifuged

88
Q

Equipment used in measuring freezing point depression

A

Osmometer

89
Q

Osmometers are standardized using

A

Sodium chloride

90
Q

In freezing point depression, the sample is supercooled to what temp?

A

-7 degree celsius

91
Q

Freezing point depression is reported as

A

Milliosmoles per kilogram

92
Q

It is the difference between the measured osmolality and the calculated osmolality

A

Osmolal gap

93
Q

Calculation of osmolality is used to

A

Determine osmolal gap or

Provide estimate of the true osmolality

94
Q

Osmolal gap indirectly indicates the presence of osmotically active substances (other than Na, urea and glucose) such as

A

BLEEM

Methanol
Ethanol 
Ethylene glycol 
Lactate 
B-hydroxybutyrate

Electrolytes (1 decks)

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