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INFOTECH 22 - Networking 2 > OSI Physical Layer > Flashcards

OSI Physical Layer Flashcards

1
Q

It provides the means to transport across the network media the bits that make up a Data Link layer frame

A

Physical Layer

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2
Q

The delivery of frames across the local media requires the following physical layer elements

A
  • Physical Media and Connectors
  • Reprsentation of Bits on the Media
  • Encoding of Data and Control Information
  • Transmitter and Receiver circuitry on the network devices
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3
Q

The Purpose of the Physical Layer

A
  • Create the electrical, optical or microwave signals that represents the bits in each frame
  • retrieve the individual signals from the media, restore them to their bit representations and pass the bits up to the Data Link Layer as a complete frame
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4
Q

The Three Basic Forms of Network Media on which Data is Represented:

A

Copper
Fiber
Wireless

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5
Q

It is a basic form of network media on which data is represented in patterns of electrical pulses

A

Copper

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6
Q

It is a basic form of network media on which data is represented in patterns of light pulses

A

Fiber

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7
Q

It is a basic form of network media on which data is represented in patterns of radio transmissions

A

Wireless

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8
Q

It is the organization that defines the standards in the TCP/IP suite

A

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

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9
Q

ISO

A

International Organization for Standardization

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10
Q

IEEE

A

International Electronics and Electrical Engineers

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11
Q

ANSI

A

American National Standards Institute

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12
Q

ITU

A

International Telecommunication Union

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13
Q

EIA

A

Electronics Industry Alliance

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14
Q

TIA

A

Telecommunications Industry Assoociation

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15
Q

FCC

A

Federal Communication Commission

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16
Q

CRTC

A

Canadian Radion and TV Commission

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17
Q

Four Areas that are being standardized by the different Standardizing Organizations for the Physical Layer

A
  • Physical and Electrical properties of the media
  • Mechanical Properties of the connectors
  • Bit representation by the signals
  • Definition of Control Information Signals
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18
Q

Three Fundamental Functions of the Physical Layer

A
  • The Physical Components
  • Data Encoding
  • Signaling
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19
Q

It is a fundamental function of the Physical Layer that concerns the electronic hardware devices and the media and connectors that transmit and carry signls to represent the bits

A

The Physical Components

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20
Q
  • It is the method of converting a stream of data bits used to provide a predictable pattern that can be recongnized by both the sender and the receiver
  • Also identifies the beginning and end of a frame
A

Data Encoding

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21
Q

It involves the determining how to represent the binary bit on a specific medium

A

Signaling

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22
Q

It refers to the specific amount og time to occupy the media

A

Bit Time

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23
Q

Ways to Represent a Signal on the Medium

A
  • Varying Amplitude
  • Varying Frequency
  • Varying Phase
    -Clock
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24
Q

Nonreturn to Zero Signaling Method

A

0 is repressented by one voltage level and 1 is represented with a dfferent voltage level

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25
Q

Manchester Encoding

A

0 is represented from a high to love voltage transition in the middle of the bit time. 1 is represented from a low to high voltage transition

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26
Q

NRZ

A

Nonreturn to Zero

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27
Q

When is it suited to use NRZ Signaling Method

A

Suited for slow speed data links

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28
Q

Where does Manchester Encoding usually implemented?

A

10BaseT Ethernet

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29
Q

Grouping Bits

A

It represents the symbolic grouping of bits prior to it being presented to the media

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30
Q

It is a consecutive Sequence of Code bits that are interpreted and mapped as data bit patterns

A

Code Group

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31
Q

It is a symbol that is a predefined small group of bits that represents a larger group of data bits

A

Code Group

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32
Q

It is the bit patterns used in encoding techniques

A

Symbol

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33
Q

Pros of Code Groups

A
  • Reduces Bit Level Error
  • Limits the effective energy transmitted into the media
  • Helps distinguish data bits from control bits
  • Provides better media error detection
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34
Q

These refer to symbols being sent down from the Physical Layer

A

Data Symbols

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35
Q

These are symbols of Layer 1 pattenrs denoting the beginning and end of frames

A

Control Symbols

36
Q

These are symbols that refer to bit patterns that are not allowed on the media that can indicate error

A

Invalid Symmbols

37
Q

4B/5B Technique

A

4 bits of data are turned into 5-bit code symbols for transmission over the media system.

Each byte to be transmitted is broken into four-bit pieces or nibbles and encoded as five-bit values as symbols.

Among the symbols are coees that indicate the beginning and end of the frame transmission

38
Q

Three Measurements of Data Transfer

A

Bandwidth
Throughput
Goodput

39
Q

It refers to the amount of information that can flow from one place to another in a given amount of time

A

Bandwidth

40
Q

It refers to the measure of the transfer of bits across the media over a given period of time

A

Throughput

41
Q

It refers to the measure of usable data transferred over a givem period of time

A

Goodput

42
Q

Factors affecting bandwidth

A
  • properties of the physical media
  • technologies chosen for signaling and detecting network signals
  • laws of physics
43
Q

factors that influence throughput

A
  • amount of traffic
  • type of traffic
  • the number of network devices encountered on the network being measured
44
Q

Most commonly used media for data communications

A

Copper Wires

45
Q

Standards for Copper media are defined for the:

A
  • type of cabing used
  • bandiwidth of the communication
  • type of connectors used
  • pinout and color codes of connections to the media
  • maximum distance of the media
46
Q

It refers to interference caused by the magnetic field around adjacent pairs of wires in the cable

A

Crosstalk

47
Q

It is a type of copper media that is common, cheap and easy to install that consists of 4 pairs of color-coded wires that have been twisted together

A

UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

48
Q

It refers to the canceling out of the effects of crosstalk between the 2 twisted wires and between wire pairs

A

Cancellation

49
Q

It is a cable type that both end on t568A or t568b

A

Ethernet Straight-Through

50
Q

It is a type of cable wherein one end is t568a and the other is t568b

A

Ethernet Crossover

51
Q

It is a type of cable that is cisco proprietary

A

Rollover

52
Q

When do you use straight through cabling

A
  • Connecting a network host to a network device
53
Q

When do you use crossover

A

Connecting two network hosts
conneccting two network intermediary devices

54
Q

This type of copper media uses two pairs of wires that are wrapped in an overall metallic braid or foil

A

STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)

55
Q

It is a type of Copper media wherein it consists of a copper conductor surrounded by a layer of flexible insulation

A

Coaxial Cable

56
Q

It is a type of Coaxial Cable where it incorporates optic fibers along the cable to create broadband networks

A

Hybrid Fiber Coax

57
Q

Safety Hazards with Copper Media

A
  • copper media has wires that could conduct electricity in undesirable ways
  • copper cabling may conduct voltages caused by lightning strikes
  • cabling insulation sheaths may be flammable or produce toxic fumes when burned
58
Q

It is a type of media wherein it uses either glass or plastic fibers to guide light impulses from source to destination

A

Fiber Media

59
Q

Two types of Fiber Media

A
  • Single Mode
  • Multimode
60
Q

it is a type of fiber media where in there is a small core, less despersion and is suited for long distance applications that uses lasers as the light source

A

Single Mode

61
Q

It is a type of fiber media that has laeger core, allows greater dispersion; can be used for long distance but its shorter than single-mode and uses LEDs as the light source

A

Multimode

62
Q

This type of media uses radio waved to carry signals

A

Wireless Media

63
Q

It is a type of Wireless network commonly referred to as Wi-Fi that uses contention or non-deterministic system with a CSMA/CA media access process

A

Standard IEEE 802.11

64
Q

It is a wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) commonly known as Bluetooth, uses a device pairing process to communicate with devices over distances from 1 to 100 meters

A

Standard IEEE 802.15

65
Q

It is commonly known as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), uses a point-to-multipoint topology to provide wireless broadband access

A

Standard IEEE 802.16

66
Q

It includes physical layer specifications that enable the implementation of Layer 2 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) protocol to provide data transfer over mobile cellular telephony networks

A

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

67
Q

What is Wi-Fi?

A

Wireless Fidelity

68
Q

What is WPAN

A

Wireless Personal Area Network

69
Q

WiMAX

A

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

70
Q

What is GSM?

A

Global System for Mobile Communications

71
Q

What is GPRS

A

General Packet Radio Service

72
Q

Requirements for a Wireless LAN

A
  • Wireless Access Point (AP
  • Wireless NIC Adapter
73
Q

It is one of the requirements for WLAN that concentrates the wireless signals from users and connects, usually through a copper cable, to the existing copper-based network infrastrutre such as Ethernet

A

Wireless Access Point

74
Q

It is one of the requirements of a WLAN that provides wireless communication capability to each network host

A

Wireless NIC Adapter

75
Q

This IEEE Standard operates in the 5GHz frequency badn with speeds of up to 54 Mbps, has small coverage

A

IEEE 802.11a

76
Q

This IEEE Standard operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency band with speeds up to 11 Mbps and has longer range tahtn devices based on 802.11a

A

IEEE 802.11b

77
Q

This IEEE standard operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency band width speeds of up to 54 Mbps. It has the same frequency as 802.11b but with the bandwidth of 802.11a

A

IEEE 802.11g

78
Q

This is an IEEE standard that is currently in draft form that is proposed to operate in the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz with expected data rates of 100 Mbps to 210 Mbps witha distance range of up to 70 Meters

A

IEEE 802.11n

79
Q

Copper Media Connectors

A

110 Punch Block
RJ45 UTP Plug
RJ45 UTP Socket

80
Q

Media Connectors for Fiber Optics

A

Straight-Tip (ST)
Subscriber Connector (SC)
Lucent Connector (LC)

81
Q

It is a type of Fiber Optic Connector that is trademarked by AT&T that is a very common bayonet style connector widely used with multimode fiber

A

Straight-Tip

82
Q

It is a connector that uses a push-pull mechanism to ensure positive insertion that is widely used with single-mode fiber

A

Subscirber Connector

83
Q

It is a small connector becoming pipular for use with single-mode fiber and also supports multi-mode fiber

A

Lucent Connector

84
Q

It is a device that inkects test pulse of light into the cable and measures back scatter and reflection of light detected as a function of time

A

Optical Time Domain Reflectometer

85
Q

What is an OTDR

A

Optical Time Domain Reflectometer

86
Q
A

INFOTECH 22 - Networking 2 (4 decks)

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